Hist

Front 1

4 goals of planning are:

Back 1

Equity
Environment
Economy or Efficiency
Aesthetics

Front 2

Consequences of the rush to the suburbs were shrinkage of central cities, _____ of employment, _____ of poverty and increase in
family break-up and crime in central ____.

Back 2

Suburbanization

Urbanization

cities

Front 3

The underlying theme in the 19th century urbanization was _____; i.e., movement of people, jobs and resources to the city.

Back 3

Centralization

Front 4

The underlying theme in the 20th century urbanization was ____; i.e., movement of people, jobs and resources out of the city to outlying areas.

Back 4

De-centralization

Front 5

During the commercial era only ___ % of total population lived in cities.
Cities were compact and ranged in population of ___. They were located on:
___ and Social classes were: ___ .

Back 5

5-15
6,000-12,000
Ports
mixed

Front 6

The economic base of the industrial city was manufacturing and they had concentrated areas of industry. The center of activity moved away from the transport accessible ___ to large ___ areas. These cities had different neighborhoods for different social ___.

Back 6

port

downtown

classes

Front 7

Between 1950 and 1980, central cities increasingly became poorer and had more than twice their share of the nation’s poor population. The reasons were:

1) migration of prosperous residents to the ___, leaving behind renters and those who cannot afford to move
2) suburbanization of ___
3) rapid mechanization of ___ forcing unemployed farmers into center cities
4) this affected particularly ___ who were tenant farmers or sharecroppers who had no choice but move to central cities

Back 7

suburbs
jobs
agriculture
black farmers

Front 8

The elements of early master planning were land ___, streets, rail and transit, public ___ and civic ___.

Back 8

use

recreation

art

Front 9

The main elements of the Garden City were a system of ___ connected by rail lines; industry and ___ zones; civic functions at the city core and a ___ boundary.

Back 9

new towns

agricultural

growth

Front 10

Eminent domain is based on the 5th amendment that states the owner must be ___ for the value of what is taken and the ___amendment states that
if they cannot come to an agreement, the ___ decides the property value

Back 10

compensated

14th

court

Front 11

___ is known as the “Father of Zoning.”

Back 11

Edward M. Bassett

Front 12

___ was designed to protect people from unwanted or incompatible development, legal challenge; and uncongenial neighbors to the ___ family dwelling

Back 12

Zoning

single

Front 13

The Reclamation Act of ___converted arid federal land into agricultural productive land to encourage individual families to settle in the West.

Back 13

1902

Front 14

The Ordinance of ___created 6x6 mi townships; 1 sq. mi sections- 640 acres to be farms.

Back 14

1785

Front 15

In addition to working in local governments, planners can also be consultants and work in ___ firms.

Back 15

private

Front 16

The five types of planners are: builder of community ___, entrepreneur, advocate, neutral public ___, and agent of radical change.

Back 16

consensus

servant

Front 17

Planners report to these three entities: ___ board, community legislative body, and chief ___ official.

Back 17

planning

elected

Front 18

To engage the public, planners use various approaches including: visioning, charettes, and scenarios in ___ meetings and presentations.

Back 18

public

Front 19

The famous public housing project that won an AIA award was ____.

Back 19

Pruitt Igoe

Front 20

The majority of new private communities built in the US are built as ___ communities.

Back 20

gated

Front 21

The cheapest form of housing is known as ___.

Back 21

Single Room Occupancy

Front 22

The main issues in citizen participation are about who participates and how. In order to evaluate who participates we need to consider ___ by facilitating easy access and ensuring representativeness of participants. Participatory processes should ensure power sharing, be ___ and encourage dialogue.

Back 22

inclusivity

transparent

Front 23

The ___ of participation describes the degree to which public participation processes achieves true empowerment.

Back 23

ladder

Front 24

The Government’s right to take property for public purposes is called ___.

Back 24

eminent domain

Front 25

The right of the community to regulate the activities of private parties to protect the interest of the public is called ___.

Back 25

police power

Front 26

The right of the community to regulate the activities of private parties to protect the interest of the public is called ___.

Back 26

police power

Front 27

According to the Constitution, legitimate types of public interest that the government can regulate are ___, safety and ___.

Back 27

health

public welfare

Front 28

The two court cases that established that REGULATION IS NOT A TAKING, (and therefore, no compensation is payable) were ___ v. Kansas and ___ v. Sebastian.

Back 28

Mugler

Hadacheck

Front 29

The first comprehensive zoning ordinance was in ___ in year 1916.

Back 29

New York

Front 30

Cumulative zoning that allows the specific category of use + all higher zones is called ___ or pyramid zoning.

Back 30

Euclidian

Front 31

The land-mark court cases for exclusionary zoning and rights of non-residents are the Mt. ___cases.

Back 31

Laurel

Front 32

Basic controls imposed by traditional zoning are use, ___and bulk.

Back 32

density

Front 33

Bartholomew’s approach to planning is known as city ___ or city ___
that uses a standardized approach to planning that includes parks and recreation services, streets, transit, sewers and water, appearances, zoning, legal and financial, and (sometimes) housing.

Back 33

efficient

practical

Front 34

The use of land-use controls to keep out types of activity that will bring more costs than revenues is called ___ zoning.

Back 34

fiscal

Front 35

The two most powerful tools to carrying out the physical side of a plan are ___ investment and ___use controls.

Back 35

capital

land

Front 36

Urban Renewal- Housing Act of ___ was aimed at eliminating substandard housing, revitalizing cities' economies, constructing good ___ and reducing ___.

Back 36

1949

housing

segregation

Front 37

In 1974, Urban Renewal Act was replaced by Housing and Community ___ Act which reduced the role of ___ Government in community affairs.

Back 37

Development

Federal

Front 38

Environmental ___ is about making sure that no one should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences of land development.

Back 38

Justice

Front 39

It has been argued that formation of an “urban underclass” is due to prolonged large-scale unemployment in urban areas. How do capital investment and land use decisions affect the formation of underclass?

Back 39

Capital investment: public transportation ---------------> access to jobs Schools-------------------------------> access to education Land use: affordable housing in prosperous neighborhoods-----> access to good schools---->education -----> access to well-paying jobs Mixed use zoning ---------> small businesses-------->access to jobs mixed use zoning -----> commercial uses ------> access to goods and services

Front 40

What is the "taking" issue? Why would, for example land use, building height or bulk regulations be considered "taking?"

Back 40

“Taking” refers to the Fifth Amendment that states: “... nor shall property be taken for public use without just compensation” and its interpretation in the case of regulating development by zoning. Some have argued that all reduction in property values caused by regulation can be considered “taking.” For example, restricting commercial uses in residential areas, higher densities (more stories) or a larger footprint, all mean that the property owner or developer will loose potential value that can be obtained from land development.

Front 41

Euclid vs Ambler Realty

Back 41

Court case that established zoning

Front 42

Legislation that defines local planning function

Back 42

State Enabling legislation

Front 43

Mount Laurel Cases

Back 43

Exclusionary housing

Front 44

PUD

Back 44

Flexible negotiated zoning that allows for mixed use

Front 45

Exactions

Back 45

Development charges to compensate for costs imposed on the community

Front 46

Bonus or incentive zoning

Back 46

allowing higher densities in return for providing certain uses or amenities

Front 47

subdivision regulations

Back 47

controlled conversion of blocks of land into build-able lots

Front 48

transfer of development rights

Back 48

designating sending and receiving areas to direct development to appropriate places.

Front 49

What are the differences between urban renewal versus community development approaches to urban planning? What were typical projects supported by the community development block grants?

Back 49

Urban renewal was intended to rebuild blighted neighborhoods and increase the amount of affordable housing. It usually resulted in less housing that was more expensive because that was more profitable. Community development was the answer to the problems created by urban development. It reduced the federal role and gave out CDBG’s that required a housing assistance plan and community participation as part of the application. •clear and start v. rehabilitation
• urban homesteading
• Sweat equity
• neighborhood stability
• pedestrian malls
• downtown revitalization
• waterfront developments
• slow, incremental change
• less damage to the existing urban fabric
• de-emphasis of housing

Front 50

What are the unintended consequences of traditional zoning? How does performance zoning attempt to respond to these inadequacies? What are the major challenges in developing and implementing “performance zoning?”

Back 50

Traditional zoning is rigid and doesn’t respond to the market, can result in sterile segregated environments. It is also much more open to corruption. Performance zoning is much more flexible and encourages mixed uses and regulates land according to it’s impacts and is less corruptible. It’s challenges are that it takes much more time and study and money to implement Performance zoning. It can be too cumbersome for some municipalities.

Front 51

It has been argued that formation of an “urban underclass” is due to prolonged large-scale unemployment in urban areas. How do capital investment and land use decisions affect the formation of underclass?

Back 51

Capital investments affect land use because they determine access. Since the large public projects from capital investments are often built where the tax base is prosperous, they are for schools and roads in the suburbs. Land use regulations often favor developers that prefer to build single family housing instead of affordable housing because it is more profitable. Both of these hurt the “urban Underclass” by restricting the easy access to good schools, neighborhoods, high paying jobs, and also reducing the land value in some urban areas.