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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arianism
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WHO; began with Arius, a priest of Alexandria
WHAT; denial that Christ was divine and co-eternal with God the Father --> that Jesus is less than God the Father because he was not immortal as God the Father was WHERE; Europe WHEN; 4th century SIGNIFICANCE; this was an example of theological dispute that divided Christians; it also produced the Nicene Creed ("eternally begotten of the Father"); Constantine participation to create the creed as an emperor in a theological dispute paved the way for later emperors to also participate in theology |
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Clovis
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WHO; emperor
WHAT; founded the Merovingian Dynasty; mixing Roman and Frankish customs WHERE; France WHEN; 481-511 SIGNIFICANCE; Clovis' reign marked the decisive period in the development of Franks as a unified people. |
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Salian Law
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WHAT; Frankish law code that 'protected' women's virtues and attributed a fine for every possible crime
WHERE; France WHEN; 6th century SIGNIFICANCE; Provides a model for future law codes, attempts to curb violence, illustrates what Frankish people deemed as more important (overarching theme: class! ie: more $ to rape a well-to-do woman than a female slave), earliest example of Germanic customs |
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Charles Martel
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WHO; son of Pippin II, member of an aristocratic family who helped form the basis of Carolingian power
WHAT; led wars against the Saxons, Frisians, Alamanni, and Bavarians to increase prestige of his family; 732 defeats Muslims in central France WHERE; France?? WHEN; 714-741 SIGNIFICANCE; to Christians, major decisive battle which stopped Muslim expansion in Europe; Carolingians used battle to define themselves as defenders of Christendom against Muslims |
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Charlemagne
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WHO; Pippin III's son, king of the Franks, greatest warrior of the Middle Ages, Holy Roman emperor
WHAT; interesting marriage pattern, expansionist, Carolingian success by "reciprocal help and reward" with aristocracy/nobles, WHERE; Roman Gaul, Italy WHEN; 768-814 SIGNIFICANCE; expanded Frankish kingdom to Germany and Italy, united Europe for the first time since the Romans, encouraged the formation of a common European identity; imperial title of Holy Roman Emperor; Romanesque/Augustinian political philosophy, Franksih practices combined with Christian ideals, later leaders wanted to be like Charlemagne (associated with Christianity, etc.), ecclesiastical authorities began to cite that imperial crown can be appointed only by pope. |
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Carolingian Renaissance
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WHAT; cultured growth with a Christian basis, changes in education and writing (Carolingian miniscule), Latin becomes standardized and separate from the vernacular
WHERE; Charlemagne's Empire (Roman Gaul, Italy, England) WHEN; 7th-9th century SIGNIFICANCE; helped with growth of Christianity - moving away from classical tradition and a shift to Christian sources |
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Vikings
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WHO; Germanic people who had not been Christianized, "Northmen"
WHAT; very good seamen, navigated to Carolingian Empire who didn't have any sea experience WHERE; from Norway, Sweden, Denmark - eventually created presentday Normandy WHEN; ninth century SIGNIFICANCE; created Norman culture in Normandy, expanded from Scandanavia, Britain, Iceland, Canada, took slaves etc but also brought about knowledge of seamanship, started Danish customs, possibly some legal institutions, Viking trading centers creates many present day Irish cities; Vikings in central Europe assimilated with Slavic peoples |
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Magyars
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WHO; nomadic central European steppe peoples
WHAT; moved westward in Europe, attacking villages, eventually defeated by combined Frankish and Germanic army at Battle of Lechfield, ruler (Geza) decided to become Roman Christian, papal rep deemed Geza's son to be king WHEN; 9th century WHERE; Europe (battle in Germany), settled in Hungary SIGNIFICANCE; Christianization offered alliances against Byzantine Empire, papal connection helped to Christianize eastern Europe (just had Charlemagne had in western) - further motivated papal/royalty |
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Muhammad
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WHO; Muslim prophet, very devout man
WHAT; seizures, visions, followers wrote down his revelations; "single God and he was to become his Prophet" WHERE; Mecca (Saudi Arabia), brought followers to Medina WHEN; 571-632 SIGNIFICANCE; unified most of Arabian peninsula into religious/political community of Muslims ("those who comply with God's will") |
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Koran (Qur'an)
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WHAT; regarded by Muslims to be the direct words of God to his prophet Muhammad; put together by 3rd successor of Muhammad, Othman
WHEN; 651 SIGNIFICANCE; still regarded as Word of God by Muslims today; foundation of faith; also enhanced status of women by setting their sexual jurisprudence as equal to men |
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Five Pillars of Islam
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WHAT; five practices according to Muslim sacred law:
profession of faith, prayer, fasting, giving alms to the poor, pilgrimage to Mecca |
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Kaaba
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WHAT; most sacred site in Islam
WHERE; Mecca, Saudi Arabia WHEN; 622 - Muhammad's first trip to Mecca SIGNIFICANCE; during Five Pillars, all Muslims face this |
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Cordoba
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WHAT; capital of Muslim Spain
WHERE; Spain WHEN; 711-1492 SIGNIFICANCE; extremely cosmopolitan and is a nexus of Jewish, Muslim, & Christian learning; affable relationship; no other medieval city is like this; one of the most advanced city in the West |
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Hagia Sophia
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WHO;
WHAT; largest Christian cathedral in the world for 1000 years WHERE; Istanbul, Turkey WHEN; 6th century SIGNIFICANCE; |
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Justinian
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WHO; Byzantine Emperor
WHAT; ambitiously tried to restore the Roman empire, build Hagia Sophia WHERE; Eastern Roman Empire, parts of Africa WHEN; 5th century SIGNIFICANCE; preservation of Roman Law Code; sweeping and systematic codification under his rule which we still use today |
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Constantinople
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WHAT; "the new Rome", intended to be a Christian center built by Constantine
WHERE; Byzantium WHEN; SIGNIFICANCE; |
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manorialism
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WHAT; residents on manors (villages consisting of small family groups and the land surrounding it) worked for their lords/kings to gain protection
WHERE; WHEN; 600-1000 SIGNIFICANCE; |
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feudalism
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WHAT; exchange system between lords and vassals; vassals give loyalty and military for protection and material support from lord
WHERE; all across Europe WHEN; early middle ages |
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vassal
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WHO; a fighter in feudalistic agreements
WHAT; takes an oath to fight for lord in exchange for fief WHERE; all across Europe WHEN; early middle ages |
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fief
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WHAT; land owned by lord during feudalism which vassal has use of
WHERE; WHEN; early middle ages (600-1000) SIGNIFICANCE; |
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three orders of society
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WHO;
WHAT; clergy, nobility, everyone else (those who pray, fight, and work) WHERE; all of medieval world WHEN; 800-1050 SIGNIFICANCE; once orders are established, where everyone's places are, ag society, this changes once towns and crusades |
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water mills
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WHERE; all across Europe
WHEN; 10th and 11th centuries SIGNIFICANCE; ag improvements made it possible for women to do other chores such as raising animals, etc |
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Commercial Revolution
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WHAT; transformation of European economy; increase in trade and sophistication of business procedures, new attitude towards business --- clocks, mercantile capitalism, taxation
WHERE; Europe WHEN; 15th-18th century SIGNIFICANCE; seen as the beginning of modern capitalist economy |
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merchant guilds
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WHAT; power and wealth to control urban life and gain independence from feudal lords; prohibits nonmembers from trading in town; made up earliest town government; economic policies determined by merchant's self-interest - eventually agreed to self-gov't
WHERE; Europe WHEN; 12th-13th centuries SIGNIFICANCE; |
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usury
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WHAT; thought that lending money with interest was not Christian; reason why Jews were money lenders at first; merchants felt the need to hide their profit
WHERE WHEN; 1100-1200 SIGNIFICANCE; |
