Hist 1301 Westward Expansion To Constitution

Front 1

Westward expansion: Piedmont;
Reasons

Back 1

region of the foothills below Appalachian Mtns. (1700) colonist begin moving westward
1) land depletion 2) class conflicts and social conflicts

Front 2

Westward Immigration

Back 2

non-british, middle, and lower middle class. Scottish, Irish, Scot-Irish, Welsh, French, Swedish, Germans, Dutch, African
Congregationalist (Puritans), Huguenots (French Calvinist)

Front 3

First Great Awakening (1730-1750s)
Condition
Prior events (Revivals)

Back 3

Spiritual decline: worldly pursuits, church becoming too intellectual(no confession), and poorly trained ministers
Frelinghuysen-Dutch reformed minister who made home visits and evangelical preaching
Tennent-eight revivals in the Presbyterian church (also home visits and evangelical teaching)
Stoddard- Frist Church Northhampton (Massachusetts) minister 57yrs; Congregationalist-appeal to conversion through his sermons; 5 "harvests" or revivals

Front 4

First Great Awakening (1730-1750s)
Jonathan Edwards
George Whitefield
James Davenport

Back 4

Edwards: (Grandson of Solomon Stoddard) wrote "sinners in the hand of an angry God," concerned with young people, made home visits. (1734) Justification by Faith 1) one must have a changed heart 2) pleasing God (A conversion that most of the time took place in his sermons)
Wrote about the Great Awakening in "a faithful narrative"

Whitefield: read the narrative and is compelled to preach to the colonies which spreads. His biblical studies were supported by the Wesleys (Methodist). Asked to speak in a non-Anglican church (he is the first to do this) (1739-1770) he preached 5 tours in the colonies

Davenport-encouraged emotional conversion and said he could identify the select

Front 5

First Great Awakening (1730-1750s)
Results and Effects

Back 5

It fades but does not die. Overall effects: rise in evangelicalism, conversions, personal experience with God, and pan-colonial event.
There is a move from established church to personal conversion. Denomination split: Congregationalist- 1)old lights do not embrace revival 2)new lights ebrace revivals; Presbyterian-1)old sides 2)new sides
Rise in Rationalistic religion- Unitarians and Universalists

Front 6

Enlightenment
Descartes and Locke Characteristics
Franklin
Jefferson
Effects

Back 6

( )

Front 7

American Revolution (1775-1783)
Causes
Parliamentary Legislation

Back 7

Seven Years War-Britain's closer relations with the colonies, Mercantilism, Royal Proclamation(1763)-border line along the Appalachians that forebade the colonists from traveling Westward.

-intended to raise revenue through:
Molasses Act (1733)-heavy tax on Molasses used to make rum, Sugar Act(1764)-cut molasses tax in half but also taxed sugar, coffee, textiles, and wine; Quartering Act (1765)-housing troops in and out of war time, Stamp Act (1765)-all paper products must have a stamp that had to be paid for, Declaratory Act(1766)-parliament has the right to pass laws over the colonies (Colonists refused to be directly taxed), Townshend Acts(1767)-to generate revenue, regulate trade and commerce, and end smuggling; 1)taxed British import, 2)board of customs, 3)four vice-admiralty courts, 4)directed funds to royal judges and governors

Front 8

American Revolution (1775-1783)
Colonial Reactions
Boston massacre (march 5, 1770)
Boston Tea Party (December 12, 1773)

Back 8

Boycott, Political groups(the sons of liberty), Legal grievances (formal expression of protest), Essays, Direct Action.
-Shouting at a British guard, he calls for backup (20 troops), a fire alarm goes off and the Boston citizens go outside their homes (~300). The British are out numbered, a citizen pushed a soldier, he fires and the rest fire resulting in 5 dead and 8 wounded. An etching of the Massacre is sent to all of the colonies.
-sixteen colonist dress up as Indians "mohawks" and throw 342 crates of Tea overboard

Front 9

Massachusetts Gov. Act (1774)
Boston Port Act (1774)

Back 9

-Parliament removes elected leg. officials and enforce with military, do not allow town meetings unless approved by the King, and Quartering Act-requires elected officials to house local troops
-closed the Boston Harbor to all until tea was paid for, new Governor General Thomas Gage

Front 10

First Continental Congress (Sept 5, 1774)
Resolutions
Declaration of American Rights

Back 10

-In Philadelphia, 55 delegates minus Rhode Island which did not send delegates
-declare legislation act null and void but did not have a way to enforce it, hint of "independence" 1)urge MA to arm itself in defense 2)sanctions against British commerce 3)Boycott British goods
-stated that parliament regulates trade and commerce but should not interfere with internal colonial affairs
-Parliament declares MA rebellious and trade to New England is disallowed

Front 11

Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Colonial force
British Strategy

Back 11

colonist division: 1/3 favor rebellion, 1/3 loyalists, 1/3indifferent
-militia: civilian volunteers, George Washington's plan to keep an army in the field with tactics of retreat, the need for international involvement

Divide the colonies through naval blockade and proclamation line of 1763
The British won battles but not the war. They failed because they underestimated the colonists.

Front 12

Lexington (April, 19, 1775)
Concord (April, 19, 1775)
Bunker Hill (June 17,1775)

Back 12

800 British troops sent to take control of the Arsenal, 238 troops went ahead to Lexington but did not expect Capt. John parker and 70 militia. 8 dead and 10 wounded for colonists

Large colonial militia overwhelmed the smaller British fleet. British failed to take the Arsenal

1st major battle fought on Breed's Hill (changed for better position), William Prescott led 3,000 troops (British generals Thomas Gage and William Howe with 2,500 troops). the militia is organized into 3 ranks, the British charge up the hill 3 times. British over took the hill but Colonists had a tactical retreat. Colonial "moral victory" with 441 causalities.

Front 13

2nd Continental Congress and Washington
Treaty of Paris

Back 13

de facto government set up to assume authority due to the approaching war, discussion of independence; George Washington is appointed commander and chief of the continental army.

Front 14

Problems with independence
political revolution
unity & national identity
European powers

Back 14

( )

Front 15

Economics
Manufactured goods, American Money, Prices and Debt
Jefferson's Plan (1784)
2nd Land ordinance(1785)
NW Ordinance(1787)

Back 15

completely relied on Europe for man. goods, currency valueless, (1781) $400 million of colonial money worthless, no specie (hard money), no way to pay back debt or enforce a tax to pay for debt.
-divide the land into 10 territories and when the pop. of a territory equals the pop. of the smallest state then it could be emitted as a state
-"land" surveying the land & organizing territories; created 6 sq mile sections called townships, townships are broken down into 36 sections, each section is 640 acres, each acre is $1.00
-created territorial governments, authority under congress put into action through governor, secretary, and 3 judges. 5,000 population=legislature appointed and single representative sent to Washington to participate but not vote. 6,000=apply for statehood

Front 16

Continental Congress
Articles of Confederation

Back 16

Only form of government prior to 1788
first technical constitution, did not grant congress much authority for their responsibilities