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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Achaemenid Empire
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-558-330 BCE
-powerful, rich state. -big cities -> more resources. |
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Darius
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-522-486 BCE
-ruled Medes/Persians -brought 3 major urban centers under one state (Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Indus Valley). -secret police (spies) to make sure the state is functioning according to the central government -first to use money, standardize metals (gold, silver) -legal codification -built roads, inns, and postal service. |
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Cyrus
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-558 BCE- organized a rebellion
-rallied people to compete with Medes -fortress city, Pasargada -established a kingdom -530 BCE dies. -leader of persians. |
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Sparta
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-military state
-Helots- conquered people outside of Sparta. Not slaves, not free. Subjects of Spartans. -free adult men of Sparta were equals -importance was in military power and abilities, not wealth -boys join military at 7 until 30. After 30, still in military but can marry and have families. -military used all the time |
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Athens
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-oligarchy
-free adult males -> mostly land owners qualify as citizens, not women, foreigners, or slaves -600 BCE- ruled by Solon. thought slaves should be allowed to have slate wiped clean. everyone should have voice in gov. -> start of democracy. -440 BCE- ruled by Pericles -acropolis built -at this time, 400 settlements across Med. Sea, but won't come together to form an empire. |
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Persian-Greek Wars
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-500-479 BCE
-Greek state clashing with Persians -Greeks didn't want to be under Persian rule because didn't want to lost trade routes and wealth. |
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Peloponnesian War
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-431-400 BCE
-competition between greek city-states. -Spartans win. |
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Philip II of Macedon
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-360 BCE- builds big army and overthrows local tribes
-359 BCE- king of Macedonians -for 20 years, campaign against city-states. won't unite, so Philip easily brings them under rule. 336 BCE- death. |
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Alexander the Great of Macedon
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336 BCE- 20 y.o.
-quick and effective campaign over Achaeminid empire -3 years later, conquers Anatolia -332 BCE- conquers south to Syria and Palestine -331 BCE- conquers East to Mesopotamia and capitals of Achaeminid empire. Moves past Indus Valley and receives resistance from local kings -troops are tired, so move back, but dies in 323 BCE. |
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Mahayana Buddhisn
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-story about Prince Siddhartha Gautama.
-4 noble truths: 1. suffering, 2. desire, 3. rid of desire, 4. follow "Middle" path= 8 fold path. Don't go to extremes. -anybody can achieve salvation -allowed for various kingdoms to identify with each other. |
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Mauryan Empire
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321 BCE- Chandragupta Maurya
-low ranking general, overthrows government, and becomes king. conquers neighboring kingdom. -son takes over and moves south. 280 BCE- Grandson, Ashoka. Takes over Palingas with large army. Palingas resist, and army crushed all rebellion. 100,000's of people died. -Ashoka felt something was wrong with this. -converts to Buddhism after consulting a monk. -becomes official religion of empire. Codified law based on Buddhism. No penalty or sacrifice allowed (which was used in Vedic religions). |
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Jainism
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-promoted idea of spiritualism being most important.
-believe everything has a soul, even plants. Won't kill anything that has a soul. -ate fruits, berries, things from the plant, but not the plant itself. |
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Hinduism
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-caste system: priests/kings/merchants/cultivators (artisans).
-jatis: like vocational group. can move up jatis. -reinterpretation of Vedas because of Buddhism and Jainism. -400-100 BCE- Mahabharata, Ramayana. epic poems about sanskrit speaking people and their culture. -Atman- individual soul. -Brahman- universal soul. -guru- teacher, male or female. -temple based worship -holy trinity: Shiva(destroyer)-Vishnu(Force of ethics in world)-Brahma(creator) -individual duty to bhakti (gods) and caste -reincarnation- avatars. -1st taken up by merchants -1st to have goddesses. |
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Gupta Empire
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300 CE- same state as Mauryan
300-500 CE- spreads west, spreads Hinduism. -last large empire for 100's of years. -kings convert to Hinduism -high point of Hindu culture -prosperous time- leisure activities. Chess, card games, races, tournaments, literature, plays. Bollywood: romance, rich/poor theme, usually no action, music, dance wealthy: hire actors, poor: go see plays put on by traveling actors. Kama Sutra- shows they celebrated life. |
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Confucius
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551-479 BCE
Kong Fuzi (Confucius) -argued that states were warring because of bad politicians. -addressed problems of state and people in it. -didn't deal with high philosophical ideas. -junzi- group of people with superior ethical standing. -curriculum provides insight into politics, religion, ethics, etc.- literature from late Zhou period for basis of religion. becomes staple in chinese education. Ren- Kindness, Li- courteous, Xiao- family. analects- teachings compiled by his students. |
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Daoism
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(Taoism)
Daojeping- way and virtue. (dao means "the way") -cosmos/humanity/nature- one thing, unchanging force. passive and active, yin yang. Wuwei- doctrine of disengagement of worldly society. less gov is better gov. -individualism |
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Wuwei
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doctrine of disengagement of worldly society. less gov is better gov.
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Seleucid Empire
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-323-83 BCE
-persian empire -founded by Seleucus after the death of Alexander the Great -started new cities and attracted Greek colonists to occupy them |
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Persepolis
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-new capital made by Darius in 520 BCE
-administrative center and monument to the Achaemenid dynasty -520-330 BCE center of the Persian empire |
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Cambyses
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-son of Cyrus
-reigned 530-522 BCE -conquered Egypt in 525 BCE and brought its wealth into Persian hands. |
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Parthians
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-247-224 BCE
-empire based in Iran that they extended to Mesopotamia. -no centralized government but had federation of leaders in councils. -skillful warriors -learned to feed horses Alfalfa in winter to make them stronger and bigger |
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Sasanids
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224-651 CE
-capital Ctesiphon -"king of kings" provided strong rule from Parthia to Mesopotamia, built elaborate system of administration and founding or refurbishing numerous cities -arab warriors killed last Sasanid ruler |
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Zarathustra
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-founded Soroastianism
-sometime between 1200-1000 BCE -many early teachings have perished because the priests, magi, taught orally. -holy book- Avesta. -Gathas- hymns composed in honor of various deities -Ahura Mazda, and 6 lesser gods -Angra Mainyu- destructive spirit, hostile spirit. |
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Ahura Mazda
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-creator of all good things in Zoroastrianism.
-supreme deity -would prevail over Angra Mainyu |
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Satraps
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persian administrators, usually members of the royal family, who governed satrapy.
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Qin Dynasty
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221-207 BCE
-founded by Qin Shihuangdi -marked by the first unification of China and the early construction of defensive walls. |
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Han Dynasty
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-206 BCE- 200 CE (about 400 years)
-success rooted to Qin dynasty -strong central state -legalism, but also confucianism -daoists revitalized after Qin dynasty almost wiped them out completely. -divided into Early and Late Han -early: pop growth, trade -late: tension, ultimately bringing end to dynasty |
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Wang Mang
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-ruled 9-23 CE
-emperor of China, when a two year old boy of the Han Dynasty inherited the throne. -in 9 CE, said that mandate of heaven had been passed from Han family to his, and he seized throne -tried to divide land evenly between everyone, but failed. was killed in 23 CE |
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Mencius
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327-289 BCE
-principal spokesman for the Confucian school -placed special emphasis on idea of ren (kindness) -naively optimistic view of human nature |
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Xunzi
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298-238 BCE
-believed strong social discipline was best means to bring order to society, not just kindness. -emphasized li (courtesy) |
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Legalism
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-chinese philosophy from Zhou dynasty that called for harsh suppression of the common people.
-channeled as many people as possible to be cultivators and military men because these were the foundation of the state's strength -harsh penalties for minor crimes |
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Han Wudi
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141-87 BCE
-han dynasty, emperor of china -relied on Legalist ideas to rule -"martial emperor" -set up first university; taught Confucianism; graduates would then work for gov |
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Ashoka Maurya
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-280 BCE- Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya.
-takes over Palinga w/ large army but Palinga resists. so ashoka crushes all rebellion, killing 100,000's people -felt bad for what he did, talks to buddhist monk who tells him to follow buddhist life. -buddhism becomes official religion of his empire -writes codified law based on buddhism, written on columns around empire -law says no death penalty or sacrifice, which is in vedic religion |
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Chandragupta Maurya
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321 BCE
-low ranking general -overthrows gov and makes himself king -conquers neighboring kingdoms |
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Siddharta Gautama
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-prince who lived life of luxury in palace for 27 years
-leaves palace and sees people suffering and dying and realizes that few people live a life like his -meets people in tavern: don't believe in caste system -meets people in other town: follow duty to caste -people in woods: don't do any harm to anyone. -decides to follow the middle path, not to go to any extremes. |
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Bhagavad Gita
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"song of the lord"
-Indian short poetic work drawn from the lengthy Mahabharata that was finished around 400 CE and expressed basic Hindu concepts such as karma and dharma |
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Xerxes
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-Darius's successor during Persian Wars
-reigned 486-465 BCE -didn't tolerate other cultures like Darius, instead flaunted being Persian and imposed his values on other lands. -Mesopotamia and Egypt resented Xerxes for this, but Xerxes repressed rebellion. |
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Minoans
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-society located on Crete that influenced Mycenaeans.
-around 2000-1100 BCE -large palace complexes -Knossos- elaborate palace -Linear A writing- not deciphered -ended because: earthquakes, tsunamis from the island, Thera, exploding, and invaders from Greese attack for their wealth. |
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Mycenaeans
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-early greek society on the Peloponese that was influenced by the Minoans; the Mycenaeans' conflict with Troy is immortalized in Homer's Odyssey.
-1600- 1100 BCE -Linear B -engaged in minoan trade and mining -no centralized gov, small towns around palaces. often at war with each other |
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Homer
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-wrote Iliad and the Odyssey
-lived mid-eighth century BCE -Odyssey- about Odysseus as he sailed home after Trojan War -Iliad- Greek perspective on campign by Greek Warriors against Troy |
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polis
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-greek for city-state
-Sparta and Athens were most important poleis -usually worked independently without outside influence -by 800 BCE, poleis were principal centers in Greek societies |
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Pericles
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-461-429 BCE
-most popular Athenian leader -under Pericles, Athens became most sophisticated poleis- scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatists, artists, and architects. |
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Socrates
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470-399 BCE
-was very critical of traditional ethical teachings, outraged fellow citizens -thought he encouraged immorality and corrupted Athenian youth, condemned to death. -but drank potion of hemlock sap and died in company of friends |
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Plato
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-430-347 BCE
-believed in perfect world, world of Forms or Ideas. -our world is imperfect -need to enter world of Forms or Ideas to understand true nature of virtue and other qualities. |
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Aristotle
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-didn't agree with world of Forms or Ideas.
-nature of reality -also wrote about biology, physics, astronomy, psychology, politics, ethics, and literature. |
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Hellenistic culture
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-Epicureans, Skeptics, and Stoics
-Epicureans- please as the greatest good. -Skeptics- doubted possibility of certain knowledge -Stoics- concentrate attention strictly on duties that nature demanded of them. |
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Etruscans
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-helped convey Greek concepts to the expanding Romans
-deeply influence Rome, initially dominated them -built thriving cities, had political and economic alliances between settlements -bronze and iron goods, silver and gold jewelry -defeated by Greeks and Celtics. |
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Romulus
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son of Aeneas, raised by a wolf with brother Remus.
-753 BCE- founded the city of Rome and established himself as the first king. |
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Aeneas
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-refugee from Troy who migrated to Italy when Greek invaders destroyed his natuve land.
-twin sons were abandoned by evil uncle on Tiber River |
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Roman kingdom
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-monarchy during early years
-7th and 6th century BCE -paved streets, public buildings, defensive walls, and large temples -easy access for merchants because of location on Tiber River |
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Roman republic
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509 BCE- replaced last king with aristocratic republic.
-built political and civic center filled with temples and public buildings for gov business. |
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Punic Wars
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264-146 BCE
-war between Romans and Carthaginians -Romans won, conquered Carthage, burned much of it to the ground, forced some 50,000 survivors into slavery. |
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Constantine
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306-337 CE
-first christian Roman emperor -birth of christianity; became official religion. -capital moved from Rome to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) -don't know if he was Christian by birth. -built basilicas, like St. Peters -became head of unified Christian church. |
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Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
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-assassinated: Tiberius- 132 BCE, Gaius- 121 BCE
-emperor of Rome -worked to limit amount of conquered land that any individual could hold. -little success because wealthy considered them dangerous radicals |
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Sulla
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-ruled after Marius
-83 BCE, seized Rome, killed all enemies. posted lists of people who were enemies and encourage his people to kill them. -10,000 people murdered -died 78 BCE |
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Cicero
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106-43 BCE
-Marcus Tullius Cicero -Stoic values -wrote Latin prose -well acquainted with both classical and Hellenistic schools of thought -wanted people to live in accordance with nature and reason |
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Edict of Milan
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313 CE
-Constantine announced tolerance for Christianity -no penalty for professing Christianity -any churches seized by empire were now released |
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Julius Caesar
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100-44 BCE
-emperor of Rome -assassinated -favored liveral policies and social reform -large scale building projects to provide jobs for the poor - |
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Octavian/Augustus
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-Caesar's nephew
-27 BCE- renamed Augustus by gov -monarchy disguised as a republic -died 14 CE. |
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Theodicius
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380 BCE
-first to use term Catholic (greek for general, universal) |
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First Council of Constantinople
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381 CE
any dispute between patriarchs would be sent to Rome -bishop of rome is the Catholic pope |
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Council of Ephesus
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431 CE
-first great rupture in church after this council. -argued if Jesus was wholly divine, partially, half? -those who refused to accept church, were excommunicated from Catholic, formed eastern orthodox church |
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Christianity
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-different than what we know today
-father, son, and holy spirit |
