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46 Cards in this Set

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Knight of the Long Knives

This was the systematic murder of Hitler's political rivals within the Nazi party, including the head of the SA, Ernst Rohm, in order for Hitler to consolidate power and appease the convservative faction of the German government. This even occurred on June 29th, 1934.

Paragraph 175

The Nazi's revised the already existed Law 175 which discriminated against the act of anal sex in Germany. The revised law permitted convictions for simple masturbation and even the slightest of homosexual advances.

Jedwabne

A town in Poland where a horrific pogrom occurred in July 10th of 1941. The pogrom is documented in Jan Gross's work, Neighbors. Germans occupied the town following operation barbarossa, but the main attack against the jews came from the polish residents, organized by the town mayor Marian Karolak. The Jewish residents were rounded up and placed in a barn, which was set on fire. Polish residents then moved into Jewish property.

Anschluss

The Annexation of Austria in March of 1938. Austria was formally absorbed into the Reich.

Ghettoization

On September 21st, 1939, Heydrich ordered that all Jews in Poland were to be concentrated in separate areas within cities (ghettos). The was seen as a short term measure to contain and control the Jewish population, since there was a belief that most attacks on the invading German troops were perpetuated by Jews. Jewish communisites living in small towns and villages across Nazi-occupied territory were to be transferred to the cities and governed by a Jewish Council (Judenraat). The first ghetto to be set up in Poland was in October of 1939.

Cadinal August Von Galen

Bishop of Munster, spoke out against Germany's Euthanasia program on August 3rd, 1941. The T4 program was officially halted on August 24th, 1941, but the killings still continued, however discretely

Pastor Braune

Protestant pastor, Wrote a memorandum against the Euthanasia program in July 1940, was arrested in August 1941

Marzahn

Center of detention for the Roma prior to the Berlin Olympics in 1936.

T-4 Program

Program of forced Euthanasia in Nazi Germany. Ran from September of 1939-August 1941

Four Year Plan

A series of economic reforms created by the Nazi Party. The main aim of the Four Year Plan was to prepare Germany for self-sufficiency in four years (1936-1940). The plan emphasized building up the nation's military defenses, disregarding the restrictions by the Treaty of Versailles. Similar to Stalin's 5 year plan to industrialize the Soviet Union. Hitler wasn't concerned about industrialization, but rather wanted to prepare Germany for war.

Lensraum

The concept of the need for conquest in order to acquire more space. Race and space were central to Nazi thought.

Law of the Restoration of Civil Service

Created in April 1933, in the beginning "Jew" was not as clearly defined as in 1935 so there was flexibility in definition. The law stated that non-Aryans and those with dissenting political views could not hold positions in Civil Service. First Anti-Semetic law in Germany since 1871. Established 2 months after Hitler took power. Began the social separation of Jews from German society.

Kaunas (Kovno)

Capital of Lithuania, captured by the Germans in June 23, 1941. Upon Nazi leadership all Jews were stripped of Civil Rights.

Ninth Fort

Murder site for the Lithuanian Jews in the Kovno ghetto

Nuremberg Rally of 1935

Rearmament Year, which meant all German males were conscripted and had to take part in the war. Jews were excluded and they were portrayed to not be trusted.

Bombing of Rotterdam

Civilian area bombed to hasten the fall of the Dutch

Ghettos

Families, women and men together; people of various ages; element of self-government (by putting certain tasks in the hands of Jewish leadership_; led some semblance of normal life

Concentration Camps

Administered by the Germans; killing occurred, seperation of men from women, children and elderly usually killed first.

Babi Yar

A ravine in the Ukrainian capital of Kiev where a series of massacres carried out by the German forces took place from Sept 29-30, 1941. 33,771 Jews were killed in a single operation. Decision to kill all the Jews in Kiev was made by Major-General Kurt Eberhard, SS-Obergruppenfuhrer Jecklen, and the Einsatzgruppen C Commander Otto Rasch, as a retalliation of guerilla attacks on German forces. The Einsatzgruppen C carrioud out the killings. Babi Yar is considered the largest single massacre in the history of the Holocaust.

Einsatzgruppen

"tasks forces or deployment groups," They were formed under the SS Leader Heydrich, the group took part in the Action T4 programme by shooting the victims until 1940 when gas chambers were put in place. These death squads had a primary role in implementing the Final Solution of the Jewish Question in territories conquered by the Nazis as well as securing invaded territory. Most notable instance was Babi Yar. They were aided by the Weirmacht.

Warsaw Ghetto

Formed in 1940, Czerniakow was the head of hte Jewish Council, used his position to minimize he measures that the germans imposed (committed suicide in '42 when the mass extermination of the ghetto took place

Star of David

German jews did not have to wear the star of david until september 1941, in France they had to wear them in '42

14f13

Killing program implemented after the end of T4 in 1941

Sterilization Law

Put in place July 1933, forced sterilization of the feeble minded, asocial, schizophrenic, etc

Blazkowitz

Assembled a report that detailed German atrocities in occupied Poland in later 1939 (november-december), pointed out that German soldiers raped Polish women, claimed German administrators were responsible for turned local pop. against Germans b/c of harsh treatments, argued that there was no discipline in the army. Memo angered Hitler.

Czernaiakow

December 1941 received the order from his German supervisor that all the furs in the Ghetto had to be collected, coats, etc. Authorities given 4 days to carry this out. This was a propaganda mechanism for Nazi films showed the confiscated furs as an example of Jewish hoarding wealth while soldiers suffered w/out coats. Therefore not the Nazi fault that Soldiers on the Eastern front were ill-equipped

Chelmno

1941 destruction of Jews emerged as the top goal in the period, therefore the establishment of the first killing center specifically for Jews began in December of 1941. Chlemno was different from Concentration Camps b/c it was a pure killing center through the use of gas vans. 145,000 Jews were killed at Chelmno. In the end Chelmno was a culmination of programs techniques brought from t4 and other programs and trial and error of perfecting killing methods.

Rearmament

March 1935 - the German government announced publicly the reestablishment of a conscription army (the Wehrmacht) all adult males, except for Jews, had to volunteer for army services

Remilitarization of the Rhineland

After WW1 the Rhineland between France and Germany had been demilitarized and was to act as a buffer zone. Hitler gave the order to send German military units to the Rhineland to remilitarize the zone. If they encountered opposition, the were supposed to withdraw from fighting.

Hossbach Memorandum

In November 1937 Hitler called a key meeting of some of the most important advisors, branch head of the Nazi movement and military in order to discuss Germany's preparation for War. The minutes of this meeting are known as this. Hitler laid out a clear path of the series of wars and attacks. There was a lack of enthusiasm from the military heads so Hitler stirred up a sex scandal about 2 of the established military personnels.

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Non-Aggression pact between Soviet Union and Germany to agree to not go to war with one another and also decided the division of Poland, the Baltic States, and territories of Romania.

Kamenetz-Podolsk

A city in Western Ukraine, occupied by the German in June 1941. On Aug. 27-28, detachments of Einsatzgruppen and troops under SS General Jecklen carried out mass killings of the Jewish deportess as well as the local Jewish pop. According to Jeckeln's report, a total of 23, 600 Jews were killed in this action. K

Josef Kohut

Wrote Men with the Pink Triangle under the pen name Heinz Heger

Hartheim Euthanasia Centre

Killing center involved in the Nazi Euthanasia program T-4. The Harteim center was located in Hartheim castle in Austria. Hartheim was the institution where the most concentration camp prisoners were executed. Just after the formal end of T4, 70 Jewish inmated from Mauthausen concentration camp were killed here. This is where the most killing of the T4 program took place.

Mauthausen Concentration Camp

One of the largest labour camp complexes in the German controlled-part of Europe. Built in upper Austria. The Mauthausen camps formed one of the first massive concentration camp complexes in Nazi Germany.

Sachsenahusen Concentration Camp

Located in Oranienburg Germany, used primarily for political prisoners from 1936 until May 1945. Served as a training center for the SS who would be sent to oversee the camps

Treblinka

Located in Eastern Poland, was purely an extermination camp. Operated from 1942-43. Somewhere between 700,000 and 900,000 Jews were killed here.

Vidkuin Quisling

A Norwegian politician, when the Germans invaded Norway in April of 1940 he seized power in a Nazi-backed coup d'etat. From 1942-45 he served as Minister-President, working w. the Nazi's.

Edith Stein

A German Jewish Philosopher who converted to Roman Catholicism. B/c the requirement of an "Aryan Certificate" for civil servants in April 1933 as part of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, she had to quit her job as a teacher. She and her sister were in a monastery in the Netherland when they were arrested by the Nazis on August 2nd 1942. She was killed at Auscwitz on August 9th, 1942.

Antonia Wyrzykowska

One of the only poles in Jedwabne to risk her life to save some of the Jews from the Pogrom.

Clemen August von Galen

Bishop in Germany, gave famous sermon that called out the Germans for murdering the disabled. Argued against the action on a legal and moral basis, as well as linking the program to the war effort. B/c of his popularity there was no retaliation and the T4 program was shut down in August 1941

Elchanan Elkes

Chairman of the Kovno Council of Elders under the Nazis in Lithuania. He was known to cooperate w. the resistant forces in the Kovno ghetto.

Joachim von Ribbentrop

Nazi foreign minister from 1938-45, known for the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of August 1939.

Kindertransport

A rescue mission that took place during the nine months prior to the outbreak of WWII. The UK took in nearly 10,000 predominately Jewish children from Germany, Austria, Czech, and Poland.

Solomon Perel

Author of Europa, Europa! Discussed his life fleeing Germany w. his family to Poland. Was Jewish.

Johnannes Blaskowitz

Senior General of the German armed forces, was indifferent to the rise of the Nazi power in Germany. He commanded the German forced that occupied Austria and Czech. Oppossed to the army committing war crimes w. the SS. Btwn November 39 to Feb 40 he wrote a memorandum to the higher command where he detailed the atrocities of the SS against the Jews and the Citizens of Poland.