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70 Cards in this Set
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Matthew Arnold
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(1822-1888) He is associated with the idea of:
i. “High Culture” or “contact with the best which has been thought and said in the world.” ii. That is, things associated with “beauty, intelligence, and perfection.” iii. Culture has a moral and uplifting quality (i.e. some culture is superior than other culture). |
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High culture
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i. "Contact with the best which has been thought and said in the world.”
ii. That is, things associated with “beauty, intelligence, and perfection.” iii. Culture has a moral and uplifting quality (i.e. some culture is superior than other culture). |
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Edward Tylor
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(1832-1917) (Anthropologist) Culture is socially patterned human thought and behavior.
i. 1871, Primitive Culture: “Culture, or civilization, taken in its broad ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” |
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Clifford Geertz
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(1926-2006) (Anthropologist) culture as symbolic or system of meaning.
i. “Believing with Max Weber that man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun, I take culture to be those webs and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science in search of law but an interpretive one in search of meaning,” he wrote in his 1973 book, The Interpretation of Cultures. ii. People are enmeshed into larger systems of meaning. iii. Culture, he argued, fills the gap between those things that are biological givens for our species and those we need to function in a complex, interdependent and changing world. iv. In short, in the Geertz formulation, the question to ask about cultural phenomenon is not what they do, but what they mean. Geertz also argued against the idea that one could define the essence of humanity across all cultures. |
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Raymond Williams
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(1921-1988) (Cultural Studies) Culture is ordinary. Birmingham school (where field of cultural studies came out of).
i. Culture is both a total way of life and special processes of creative discovery and learning. ii. Every culture has: 1. Traditional elements – known meanings and directions, to which members are trained. 2. Creative elements – new observations and meanings, which are offered and tested. |
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Culture wars
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fierce debates in late 1980s on what we should learn in college (multicultural vs. American literature, especially)
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E.D. Hirsch
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Wrote "Cultural Literacy," a book of certain things every American should know. Hirsch argued that the problem with multiculturalism was that we were losing a sense of ourselves as a common culture because the books that had withstood the test of time and entered the canon/become classics were being dropped for multicultural literature. This book set off the culture wars of the late 1980s.
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The Lost Cause
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White southerner's interpretation of Civil War/Reconstruction. First started in Raymond Dispatch.
1. South had sacrificed itself for states’ rights question 2. Cult of fallen soldier 3. Righteous political cause only defeated by superior industrial might 4. Weaker victims and survivors 5. Slavery is not an essential part, just states’ rights. ii. This myth of the Lost Cause becomes full blown by 1915 in the movie Birth of a Nation. |
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Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
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i. EP came in 1863. Freed Southern slaves but not the Northern ones. Many slaves heard this and took the order.
ii. The Union then began to enlist black soldiers. This increased their power a lot. They were segregated and initially paid less though. iii. EP brought the issue of slavery to the floor and its importance to the war. iv. When freedmen joined the military, it gave them more basis to their claims for equal citizenship. |
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13th Amendment (ratified Dec. 1865)
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1. Officially made slavery illegal in the entire country.
2. There was a battle between whether it should be narrowly or widely interpreted. The narrow interpretation could be preferable was that it was specifically focused on the rights of African Americans. Wide would be preferred because it could have broader applications of defining “slavery”. 3. Supported by Lincoln's 10% Plan |
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Freedmen's Bureau
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1. Agency empowered to protect legal rights of former slaves – education, medical care, land, labor contracts, etc. First social welfare organization.
2. Head = Major General Oliver O. Howard 3. Supported by Lincoln's 10% Plan |
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Andrew Johnson
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President after Lincoln was assassinated.
(Presidential Reconstruction) May 1865 – March 1867 i. Favored states rights and lenient approach to Reconstruction ii. Said only whites should vote iii. Against Freedmen’s Bureau iv. Supported Black Codes (first passed in 1865) v. Allowed creation of Southern government by and for whites. |
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Radical Reconstruction
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1867-1873
Lead by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner iii. RR’s strongly opposed Johnson and eventually able to impeach him on a technicality. iv. Refused to seat newly elected ex-Confederate Congressmen v. Called for black suffrage, full citizenship for freedmen, temporary disenfranchisement for ex-Confederates, and short-term military occupation of the South vi. Believed in activist federal government, equal rights, and free labor in a competitive capitalist system. vii. Johnson vs. Radicals 1. Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights bill designed to combat Black Codes – Congres overrode it. 2. Passage of 14th and 15th Amendments a. 15th: ex-slaves could vote and hold office while Confederate leaders were barred from office 3. Impeachment of Johnson viii. Balance sheet 1. Few blacks actually did hold office 2. Promises of land never materialized 3. Some fairer state governments created 4. State assumed some responsibility for social welfare 5. First statewide public schools established in the South 6. Legacy of anger and corruption |
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Black Codes
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Black Codes was a name given to laws passed by southern governments established during the presidency of Andrew Johnson. These laws imposed severe restrictions on freed slaves such as prohibiting their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, limiting their right to testify against white men, carrying weapons in public places and working in certain occupations.
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Thaddeus Stevens
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One of the leaders of the Radical Republicans
“Reconstruction must revolutionize southern institutions, habits, and manners, or all our blood and treasure have been spent in vain.” born in Vermont--poor family, practiced law in Pennsylvania…elected to congress in 1848 as an anti-slavery Whig. Opposed fugitive slave law…1856 was reelected to congress as a member of new antislavery republican party. Was passionate believer in the principles of radical republicanism. Was known as the “Great Commoner.” --pushed for emancipation and black suffrage. Vehement critic of Pres. Johnson’s reconstruction--called for sweeping federal action to eliminate the southern institutions that bolstered white supremacy…. Also called for confiscating plantations and redistributing land to former slaves--plan never materialized. |
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Charles Sumner
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. Born Boston Mass, went to Harvard…first entered political arena in 1845 as Mexican American war was brewing… he denounced war as a method for setling international disputes… opposed annexation of Texas and the expansion of slavery. Became a leader of anti-slavery forces in the Senate. Famous for receiving a caning from Congressman Preston Brooks of S. Carolina--said his uncle, a senator, had been insulted. Brooks became a hero for defending southern honor, but also a symbol in N. of Southern brutality. During war, Sumner pushed for emancipation of slaves. Introduced 13th amendment in 1864.Introduced the bill that created the Freedmen’s Bureau. He supported the policies of the Radical Republicans, and also introduced the bill that would become the Civil Rights Act of 1875 (passed after his death)--strident critic of Johnson and supporter of his impeachment…
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14th Amendment (ratified July 1868)
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Citizenship Clause - anyone born in the US is a citizen, which overturned Dred Scott decision and allowed blacks to be citizens
Due Process Clause - government cannot deny any citizen life, liberty, or property without due process Equal Protection Clause - requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction |
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15th Amendment (1870)
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The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Gave blacks the vote! |
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Homer Plessy
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(1862–1925) He was the American plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Arrested, tried and convicted of a violation of one of Louisiana's racial segregation laws (did it on purpose), he appealed to the Supreme Court, and lost. The resulting "separate-but-equal" decision against him had wide consequences for civil rights in the United States. The decision legitimized segregation anywhere in the United States, as long as the facilities provided for both blacks and whites were "equal".
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Jim Crow Laws
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The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.
Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. The U.S. military was also segregated. |
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Gilded Age
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the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century (1869-1896)
Most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. During the 1870s and 1880s, the U.S. economy grew at the fastest rate in its history. A national transportation and communication network was created, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization, and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. Urbanization. "Gilded" because of pretty outside, but ugly inside. Even with all of the economic growth, it was at the expense of the workers who made it happen. |
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Great Railroad Strike of 1877
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i. A dramatic reaction to the new industrial order
ii. Machine seemed responsible for newly-visible poverty and wretched industrial conditions iii. Provoked fears of another civil war iv. After a 10% wage cut, strike spread across the country v. Spontaneous work stoppages met with approval from local farmers, clergy, etc. vi. First armories and National Guard created in response |
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Social Darwinism
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“self-made men” like Andrew Carnegie (and Ragged Dick) upheld these theories. A Captain of Industry was seen as an “instrument of God for upbuilding the race.”
i. Society is like a factory ii. Divisions of labor naturalized as inevitable iii. Cause of celebration… and distress, critique "There are underlying, and largely irresistible, forces acting in societies which are like the natural forces that operate in animal and plant communities. One can therefore formulate social laws similar to natural ones. These social forces are of such a kind as to produce evolutionary progress through the natural conflicts between social groups. The best-adapted and most successful social groups survive these conflicts, raising the evolutionary level of society generally (the 'survival of the fittest')." |
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Neurasthenia
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(George Miller Beard in 1876) – it was the disease of over-civilization/not engaging in physical labor.
The condition was explained as being a result of exhaustion of the central nervous system's energy reserves, which Beard attributed to modern civilization. Physicians in the Beard school of thought associated neurasthenia with the stresses of urbanization and the stress suffered as a result of the increasingly competitive business environment. Typically, it was associated with upper class people or professionals with sedentary employment. |
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Edward Bellamy
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(1850-1898) Wrote Looking Backward in 1888 - anti-modernist utopian book which cased a national sensation.
1. “Solidarity” and state control of industry. 2. Machine is made to serve human ends. |
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Colonial revival
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Anti-modernist reaction to industry by connecting oneself with the colonial period - colonial style houses, dress, etc.
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Arts and Crafts movement
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i. Encompassed array of social types and reform movements – mostly middle class or above
ii. Activities included organizing communes, manual training, lecturing on the craft ideal, collecting objects d’art iii. It’s getting back to older forms of craft. iv. Common outlook: 1. Puritan and republican traditions: distrust of urban luxury, faith in hard work 2. Ethos of evangelical reform – provided missionary zeal 3. Therapeutic dimension – this would help people deal with the excesses of the age 4. European influences: Leo Tolstoy, John Ruskin, William Morris |
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White man's burden
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i. Coined by Rudyard Kipling in his poem of the same name.
ii. White men have a “burden” to civilize lower races. Europeans are the superior race, and along with that superiority comes a burden to give the blessings of civilization to the savage races. iii. The savages need to be taken care of like children. The whites must achieve their “manhood” by civilizing these “child” nations. |
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Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
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1904
1. Modified original 1823 doctrine rejecting foreign influence in the Americas 2. Asserted US right to control foreign peoples who don’t conduct themselves properly 3. Justified US intervention in Dominican Republic, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Haiti |
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Eugenics
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i. Northern/Western European women were having less children, but “lesser” races were having more, so this would “lower the quality” of the American populace.
ii. This “science” was developed to encourage breeding among the right people and discourage it among the wrong people. iii. This focused a lot of attention on children. iv. There were “race betterment” contests for the best baby. |
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street arabs
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(Arabs = nomadic peoples, hint of racism) Children become like savage people, roaming around with no home or marks of civilization.
- a homeless child, esp one who survives by begging and stealing; urchin |
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Charles Loring Brace
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(1826 in Litchfield, Connecticut - 1890) He was a contributing philanthropist in the field of social reform. He is considered a father of the modern foster care movement and was most renowned for starting the Orphan Train movement of the mid-1800s, and for founding The Children's Aid Society.
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orphan trains
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A social experiment that transported children from crowded coastal cities of the United States to the country's Midwest for adoption. The orphan trains ran between 1854 and 1929, relocating an estimated 200,000 orphaned, abandoned, or homeless children.
Started by Charles Loring Brace. |
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Child Saving
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Children’s Aid Society, etc.
a. Part of a larger Progressive Era movement to correct the evils of industrial society. Children could be saved from the evil temptations of the city and ill behavior by having the proper care and support. |
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Golden Age of Children's Literature
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Literary Basis for the Age of the Child: 1865-1914
1. Classics of children’s literature published during this time (Little Women, Tom Sawyer, etc.) 2. “Majors wrote for minors” – not just read by children 3. Many best sellers were children’s books |
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P.T. Barnum
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He had a museum of “freaks,” which also established what is normal – it gave the viewer a sense of their own cultural legitimacy.
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Frederick Law Olmsted
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Landscape architect. Follower of genteel (pre-mass culture) model. Developed Central and Prospect Park.
Believed that the common green space must always be equally accessible to all citizens as an alternative to cheap un-genteel amusements. |
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Public sphere
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Non-commercial; “an area in social life where people can get together and freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action.”
As opposed to mass culture (commercial, entertaining, reproducible or geared toward masses, balances concern for “decency” with the understanding that pushing the envelope a little bit will gain you an audience) |
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Tony Pastor
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entertainer since age 6. Appeared at Barnum’s museum as a child prodigy and also in the circus (1861). He opened his own theater in 1865, and another in 1881. His success in offering this more polite version of vaudeville led theater managers to adopt a code of prohibitions to make vaudeville appear more wholesome. This speaks to the tension between the genteel model and the new mass culture. Instead of aiming to uplift the masses, mass culture was about profitability.
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Benjamin Franklin Keith
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He was born in 1846 in NH, left family farm to travel with circus, ended up managing a theater. A dream told him the idea of continuous vaudeville – didn’t have to arrive at a certain time. He eventually controlled over 100 theaters. He also devised locating the theater right in the center of the city to make it seem popular and respectable.
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10-20-30s
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Theaters with seating by price (10c/20c/30c). They were priced to be accessible to a popular audience. They specialized in melodrama and highly entertaining spectacle.
Shows mass culture. Shows cheap amusements that working class can enjoy. |
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Coney Island
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Amusement park that provided an otherworldly experience. The conventions of daily life could be let down for a while. Rides were designed to throw men and women into each other’s arms. It provided amusement/distraction from the monotony of working life. People were jaded by industrial era, usually had to act "properly" in public and this let them loosen up.
It shed light on the cultural transition and the struggle for moral, social, and aesthetic authority that occurred in the United States at the turn of the century. |
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New Woman
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i. Professional, speaking independently, demanding freedoms
ii. Qualities of the New Woman (not defined by marriage or motherhood): 1. Financially independent 2. Professional 3. Educated 4. Poised, confident 5. Sexually liberated 6. Athletic (lots of bicycles) i. Preconditions 1. Abolitionists and 19th century women’s rights activists (separate spheres ideas) 2. Economic transformations creating new work opportunities – not just factories, but also rise of service industry (secretaries, social work, etc.) 3. Higher education becoming more accessible to women 4. Declining marriage and birth rates 5. Rise of mass culture 6. Cultures of Revolt – socialism, etc. Created a general atmosphere of rebellion. 7. The New Psychology (and sexology) 8. Progressive Reform movements/settlement house movement (a movement to help integrate immigrants more effectively into cities) 9. Club movement 10. Labor movement/socialism 11. Birth control movement |
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Gibson girl
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Look popularized by artist Charles Dana Gibson:
1. Tall, athletic 2. Hair upswept 3. Practical but feminine 4. Heath corset and slips allowed “S” shape 5. Capable, adventurous, beautiful iv. Selling this look (all made it possible to emulate the new fashions for those who could afford it): 1. Mass circulated magazines 2. Home order catalogs 3. Home sewing machines 4. Purchasable patterns |
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Boston marriages
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Many women who had long running intimate, possibly lesbian, relationships, which was accepted because it was part of a larger assumption that women were not particularly interested in sex. It was an alternative to traditional marriages for the New Woman who did not want to be tied down to a man.
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Feminism
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Women's rights and emancipation from traditional gender roles.
Feminism was part of a free-ranging spirit of rebellion at the turn of the century. It severed the woman's movement from Christianity and conventional respectability. It was part of the broader "revolt against formalism" in American culture--refusal to heed the abstraction of womanhood, the calcified definitions of female character and nature handed down to them by previous generations. It demanded the removal of social, political and economic discrimination based on sex and sought rights and duties on the basis of individual capacity alone. |
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Heterodoxy
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Greenwich Village, a group of 25 women coming together in 1912. The club met at regular Saturday meetings, and was a consciousness-raising group before term was invented. The members of the club were inward-looking and individualistic despite their ideology of women's social awakening and concern with social tumult around them. Their purpose was individual psychic freedom. Said Marie Jenny Howe, leader of Heterodoxy Club and a middle-aged nonpracticing minister and wife of noted Progressive municiple reformer Frederic Howe, "We intend simply to be ourselves, not just our little female selves, but our whole big human selves." Feminism stood for self-development as contrasted with self-sacrifice or submergence in family. The feminists of Heterodoxy Club were all highly educated women, with either formal education in colleges and graduate school or informal education in labor or socialist movements. They were able to assert individuality in livelihood, personal relationships, habits of dress and living.
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Emma Goldman
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1. Working class woman, anarchist, Jewish, becomes well known through the labor movement.
2. Immigrated from Russia, lived in Rochester, NY, married fellow immigrant, quickly decided she was not interested in having a conventional marriage/life, divorced him 3. Became an outspoken orator, wrote about women’s issues, free love. Thinks marriage is mostly an economic arrangement that submits a woman to life long dependence on men. 4. Birth control advocate and providing young people with sexual knowledge 5. Deported in 1919 in the first major Red Scare |
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19th Amendment
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Gave women the right to vote.
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Isadora Duncan
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1. Dancer, revolutionist, and defender of the free spirit. Huge liberating influence. Believed in the freedom of the woman and her emancipation. Free spirit, artistic expressiveness, free morality.
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Alice Paul
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was the leader of the Congressional Union, founded in 1913 as a rival to the other women’s suffragist association that were less revolutionary. Congressional Union was very in your face and controversial. They picketed the White House.
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Anthony Comstock
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Post Master General. Founder of NY Society for the Suppression of Vice. Made (Comstock) laws that prohibited circulating anything “obscene” – birth control was included.
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Margaret Sanger
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came out of socialist movement, leading proponent of birth control. Actually got mixed up in eugenics (birth control is a great strategy for them). She wanted to give out information about it. She went to jail to defend this right.
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Palmer raids
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1919 (pre-Red Scare) – undertaken by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Ransacked people’s homes to find evidence of radical activity to overthrow government (anarchists) but did not find any evidence of a revolution. Used raids as causes for deporting and arresting many people.
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Flapper
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1. New Woman was serious about work and political empowerment and some sexual freedom/companionate relationships.
2. Flapper was less serious, consumer-oriented, younger counterpart. She was really more interested in freedom and having fun. She was visually definable by her hat, loose-waisted clothing that allows freedom of movement, smoking, make-up. She was concerned about overcoming taboos. |
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ACLU
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1. Responded to waves of repression in the early 1920s
2. Formation of NCLU (then ACLU)—rights of labor, free speech, and academic freedom 3. ACLU opposed “100% Americanism” programs in schools a. Programs would call anything that was controversial “un-American” 4. Opposed incursions of religion in schools |
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William Jennings Bryan
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1. Three-time presidential candidate, populist, fundamentalist, orator (long, visible, distinguished career). He looked out for the common man.
2. Believed science had weakened morals and undermined religion 3. “The Menace of Darwinism” (1921) - pamphlet 4. Helped anti-evolution legislation in 15 states 5. Prosecutor in Scopes trial. |
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John Scopes
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1. Dayton, TN businessmen wanted to bring business to the town from the publicity of the evolution debate.
2. Scopes was a pretty ordinary science teacher who was put up to it by the businessmen. When asked about the test case Scopes was initially reluctant to get involved, but after some discussion he told the group gathered in Robinson's Drugstore, "If you can prove that I've taught evolution and that I can qualify as a defendant, then I'll be willing to stand trial." Was found guilty of teaching evolution in a TN public school but the conviction was overturned on a technicality because the judge set the fine, not the jury. |
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Clarence Darrow
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Darrow was the leading defense lawyer of his day, so he defended Scopes. (Represents the cosmopolitan and modernity)
a. Battled for hearts and minds, not just clients. b. Embraced science over fundamentalism. c. Volunteered services with his partner, Malone. Darrow’s case: 1. Expert witnesses defending evolution, but they were declared inadmissible 2. Darrow was declared in contempt of court after getting in an argument with the judge Made a fool out of Bryan on the stand. |
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Monkey trial
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The Scopes Trial—formally known as The State of Tennessee vs. Scopes and informally known as the Scopes Monkey Trial—was an American legal case in 1925 in which high school biology teacher John Scopes was accused of violating the state's Butler Act which made it unlawful to teach evolution.[1]
Scopes was found guilty, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality and he was never brought back to trial. The trial drew intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to the small town of Dayton, to cover the big-name lawyers representing each side. William Jennings Bryan, three time presidential candidate for the Democrats, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes. The trial saw modernists, who said religion was consistent with evolution, against fundamentalists who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible trumped all human knowledge. The trial was thus both a religious or theological contest, and a trial on the veracity of modern science regarding the creation-evolution controversy. The teaching of science and evolution expanded, as fundamentalist efforts to use state laws to reverse the trend had failed in the court of public opinion. |
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Lost generation
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i. Intellectuals and expatriates
1. Tradition of European travel for “cultured” Americans, but this generation is defined by it – fleeing America for Europe 2. Alienated “younger generation,” or “Lost generation,” in the 1920s – disenchantment after the war, concern about artistic and intellectual vapidity in the U.S. i. Disillusionment post-WWI with supposed “civilization” they were fighting to save – meaninglessness of our culture |
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Red Summer of 1919
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Blacks found that in spite of their contributions to the Allies in WWI, many Americans insisted on the color line
a. Lynching and race riots in US after the war – Red Summer of 1919 b. Tensions about blacks having jobs, whites came back after the war and saw this, concerned blacks wouldn’t accept their properly subordinate roles c. In South, there were lynchings for blacks not accepting discrimination because they had fought in the war. d. In North, race riots in DC and Chicago caused by white men invading black neighborhoods and provoking violence. |
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The New Negro
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term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. The term "New Negro" was made popular by Alain LeRoy Locke.
i. New Negro – urban, Northern, finding a voice, growing sense of shared experience, solidarity, independent, self-respecting, not like Old Negro (subservient, etc.) Alain Locke contrasted the "Old Negro" with the "New Negro" by stressing African American assertiveness and self-confidence during the years following World War I and the Great Migration. |
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Harlem Renaissance
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As World War I approached, a shortage of labour ensued at the generous supply of European unskilled labour ceased to flow into New York City. From the southern states came vast numbers of African Americans attracted not only by the prospect of paid labour but an escape from the inherent inequities and blatant institutional racism of the South.
Harlem Renaissance (HR) is the name given to the period from the end of World War I and through the middle of the 1930s Depression, during which a group of talented African-American writers produced a sizable body of literature in the four prominent genres of poetry, fiction, drama, and essay. HR was more than just a literary movement: it included racial consciousness, "the back to Africa" movement led by Marcus Garvey, racial integration, the explosion of music particularly jazz, spirituals and blues, painting, dramatic revues, and others. |
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Marcus Garvey
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Significant figure in Harlem Renaissance. Born in Jamaica. Went to school in England, then came to US. Garvey campaigned against lynching, Jim Crow laws, denial of black voting rights and racial discrimination. Where UNIA differed from other civil rights organizations was on how the problem could be solved. Garvey doubted whether whites in the United States would ever agree to African Americans being treated as equals and argued for segregation rather than integration. Garvey suggested that African Americans should go and live in Africa. He wrote that he believed "in the principle of Europe for the Europeans, and Asia for the Asiatics" and "Africa for the Africans at home and abroad".
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Alain Locke
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He was major figure in the HR because of his ability to bring people together and advance the movement for the advancement of blacks
1. Believed black dramatists, artists, and writers should look to their African heritage for their inspiration (like African folklore) 2. He helped publish many eventually prominent black writers 3. “Philosophical midwife” for black artists 4. Popularized "New Negro" |
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Fire!!
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xi. One of the most radical publications was Fire!!
1. Expressing the black experience in a modern and realistic fashion 2. Wanted to explore issues in the black community that were not as the forefront of mainstream black society a. Homo/bisexuality, prejudice within the black community itself, etc. 3. This looked more critically at problems and issues in black society 4. “Burn” old ideas 5. Didn’t last long because it was so controversial, but still one of the most important publications of the HR |
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Duke Ellington
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1. Black jazz artist who got his start in clubs that catered exclusively to whites. Whites loved jazz, especially bohemians.
2. He is one of the most important figures who brought international recognition to jazz as an art form 3. He focused on musical form and composition in jazz, influenced other jazz artists 4. Traveled in France and other parts of Europe |
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Montmartre
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1. Paris neighborhood where most African Americans lived
2. On hill in northern part of right bank 3. Bohemian, working class, cosmopolitan 4. Black-run clubs with jazz music, dance HR in Paris. |
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Vaudeville
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Vaudeville was a theatrical genre of variety entertainment in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s. Each performance was made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill. Types of acts included popular and classical musicians, dancers, comedians, trained animals, magicians, female and male impersonators, acrobats, illustrated songs, jugglers, one-act plays or scenes from plays, athletes, lecturing celebrities, minstrels, and movies.
Mass culture. |
