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63 Cards in this Set
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cities |
• The rise and fall of cities, states, and empires constitute a significant theme of the past five-and-a-half millennia. • agriculture allowed the growth of larger and denser populations that eventually, in certain regions, coalesced into still larger and more institutionalized social formations (states) and complex concentrated settlements (cities) • characterized by size and level of organization • can exist outside of states, cities typically are associated with and within states • Childe (1963) called the development of cities and states the Urban Revolution. it was the second major change in his account of human prehistory following the neolithic revolution
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law and jurisprudence |
The first code of law that we have record of is the Code of Hammurabi, which came about in approximately 1772 B.C.E. • Most of the first lawful societies (with written law, rather than simply implied law) arose in what Armesto would call the ‘Axial Zone’ belt across Eurasia. • The first codes of law, like the Code of Hammurabi, were often steeped in religious influence and justification, legitimizing the laws proposed by a given ruler because a pertinent god or goddess gave their seal of approval. • Law reached another turning point with the Justinian Code, which was canonized and made for public reading, effectively becoming the basis for law in all of Western Europe. • The canonization of codes of law over time has resulted in a valuable historical resource for gaining insight into past societies.
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empire |
• the political power exerted by a state or its agents over a culturally diverse group of peoples over a vast expanse of land • derives from the latin word imperium, which meant the sovereignty held by a magistrate, but later evolved to the rule romans established over europe and the near east • carries negative connotations of political and cultural oppression • consequence of the rise of states • empires are those states that seemed especially aggressive in their expansionist ambitions and especially accomplished at extending their sway over other peoples • The first empire, the Persian Empire, emerged around 539 B.C. |
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Longue Duree (Fernand Braudel) |
• french for “long term” referring to the longer reaching of the sociological historical timeline, the deep almost static history of the environment--the opposite of which are the instant events ‘nouvelle sonnante’ • Braudel french historian (1902-1985) • Longue Duree mentioned in his book ‘The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Phillip II’ in which he addresses the complexity of social time in terms of a hierarchy of three time frames • it contrasts the ‘history of events’ approach to world history |
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monasticism |
• responsible for launching spiritual missions to non-christian or buddhist peoples • grew as christianity and buddhism spread, and in turn became a major cause of their success • no certain consensus on the origins of monasticism • Benedict of Nursia wrote the book of rules for monks (disciplining the laws of the flesh) and the practice of charity in refuge from the world • monastic study also embraced the learning of ancient Greece and Rome • and monasteries functioned as objects of pilgrimage, inns for travelers and granaries. |
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Second Temple Period |
538 B.C-70 C.E · Jerusalem, Judah (modern day Israel) · The second temple period began with Cyrus the Great freeing of the Jews from their captivity and the subsequent creation of a second temple at Jerusalem under the leadership of Ezra. · This period was characterized by the revitalization and growth of Judaism, and the increased statehood of the Jewish people as population increased, theocratic government became more structured and a social hierarchy emerged. · The end of the second temple period solidified Judaism’s position as a religion based in reading holy scripture and following codes of law rather than temple-based ritualism. The importance of synagogues escalated, rabbis replaced priests, and the Torah became even more essential. |
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Hillel the Elder and Jesus of Nazareth
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Combinedly most active between 10 C.E-30 C.E · Israel. Primarily Jerusalem and, in Jesus’ case, small communities in the Galilee region. · Two of the most influential figures in Jewish history. Hillel was a religious teacher responsible for the creation of oral body of laws for Judaism, and Jesus was a minister and missionary who stressed the need for personal piety and love of god. · Both were controversial in their teachings; Hillel’s open hearted approach to law and practice (demonstrated by his creation of the ‘golden rule’) conflicted with strict Shammai disciples, and Jesus’ similarly revolutionary creed conflicted greatly with the strict ideals of the Pharisees of his time, eventually resulting in his death on the cross. · Each had a lasting impact on the practice of Judaism and Christianity respectively. Hillel’s creed laid the foundation for modern Jewish practice and mindset, while Jesus unknowingly laid the foundation on which Paul would develop Christianity via his missionary/good works and martyrdom. |
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Pharisees |
· Second temple period, approximately 530 B.C-70 C.E · Jerusalem, Israel · The second highest class on the Jewish social hierarchy during the Second Temple Period; they read the holy scriptures, and were separated from the temples in lives and practice, unlike the Sadducees. · When the second temple was destroyed in 70 C.E, the Sadducees were left without their basis for aristocratic status and the Pharisees and their more ethic, text based form of Jewish practice rose to the forefront. · The Pharisee belief system went on to become the basis for Judaism as it exists today. |
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Paul of Tarsus |
· Worked as a missionary of Christianity between 35 and 60 C.E · Throughout the Near East and Mediterranean regions · Arguably the first Christian theologian and the one most responsible for the growth and spread of Christianity as a religion apart from Judaism post the death of Jesus. · Taught that the only thing required of a good Christian was faith in Jesus, not strict adherence to Biblical laws and traditions, thereby opening up the religion to a large number of Gentile (non-Jewish) converts. · Paul’s more relaxed view, that the essence of the bible’s teachings is more important than laws themselves, was the main subject of debate at the Council at Jerusalem. |
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Christendom |
• Conversion of of a nation or a people often beginning with their king • conquest was the main agent of change • developed no new crops or technologies • spreading of christianity through social and political means • the area over which christianity was the ruling or primary religion • spurred colonization which transformed environments • led in great part by the kingdom of the Franks, most notably Charlemagne |
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Augustus |
• Real name Octavian, heir of Julius Ceasar • First emperor (from imperator which means general) of Rome around 27 BC • Part of his achievement stems from his masterful control of a wide-ranging propaganda campaign in literature, art, and architecture...thus creating a new image of empire and imperial power/ Sculptures of him as a young attractive male wearing a generals clothing and a hand upraised as a symbol of power. • His rule initiated several centuries of militarily enforced peace or pax Romana • Died at the age of 77 in 14 AD
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Constantine |
· Reigned from 306-337 C.E · The Roman Empire, based in the capital Constantinople. · A Roman Emperor known primarily for his contributions to Christianity via royal endorsement. · Though he was not a convert until he lay dying, he consistently supported Christians, unlike his predecessors, via rewarding them administrative positions, tax breaks, and other financial incentives. · Without Constantine’s endorsement of Christianity, it is likely the religion’s prominence in the modern world would not exist to remotely the same extent. His insistence upon standardization in Christianity and the resulting Nicene Creed created a canonical basis for all Christian doctrine that followed, and allowed for the spread of a unified religion.
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Achaemenid Empire and the Pax Achaemenica |
• 550-330 B.C.E • Covered much of the near east (excluding the arabian peninsula) including anatolia as well as modern day Iran and Iraq. • The first world empire, created by Cyrus the Great, which instilled a long term peace and stability in the areas it included (this peace was the Pax Achaemenica). Also known as the Persian Empire. • The creation of this empire, which involved putting Bablyon under Cyrus’ control, resulted in the end of the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews. • Though the empire was disintegrated very suddenly by the conquests of Alexander the Great, the long-term functionality of this empire demonstrated the feasibility of centralizing many people on a large-scale and the innovations in infrastructure this inspired would carry on through new societies. |
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Cyrus the Great |
• Ended the reign of the Babylonian empire in 539 BC • First emperor of the Achaemenid/Persian Empire. • in 559 BC Cyrus became ruler of the persians and embarked on a series of military campaigns that led to the creation of the greatest empire that existed up to that time, the Achaemenid Persian empire • Cyrus is responsible for the ending of the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews, allowing them to return to their homeland and begin the Second Temple Period. • Cyrus left his mark as one of the first world leaderswho relied primarily on benevolent, judicial rule rather than on force to maintain control over his empire and large amoutn of subjects. |
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Hellenism |
Greek • Hellenistic age (from death of alexander to establishment of roman empire 323-31 BC) greatly facilitated an increase in trade links, intellectual exchange, and personal travel. • The resulting synthesis led to profound developments in literature, philosophy, medicine, science, religion, and warfare. examples being the introduction of elephants into western warfare and the translation of the old testament into greet. • Cosmopolitanism
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Alexander the Great |
· 356-323 B.C.E · Based in Macedonia, with rule eventually extending throughout the former Persian Empire and other areas in the Eastern Mediterranean and Arabian regions. · Alexander the Great was the King of Macedonia with a spectacular reign and conquest campaign. · Best known for his speedy conquest of the comparably enormous Persian Empire; the Persians were already weakening due to years of conflict with their Roman neighbors, but Alexander’s conquest is what finally crumbled their long-lived empire. · This conquest destroyed the centuries old Southwest Asian state system, necessitating the complete changing of the political and cultural organization of the region. |
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Ethiopia |
• Capital Aksum. displaced power of previous nubian/kush empire with it’s capital of Meroe around 200 BC. • Took over trade with the middle east, adopted polytheistic religion and language and writing, • by 50 BC it’s trade center shifted more towards the eastern mediterranean, where greek culture and influences were picked up. greek writing is now widely used, accepted christianity as one of the state religions, • ironically this cultural shift along with an unexplained decline in trade, helped isolate ethiopia, for its neighbors remained polytheistic until they converted to islam. • Culture has a distinctive character
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Mauryan Empire |
• a single integrated state emerged from what once was Indus civilization by 350 BC. Multiple religions (including Buddhism), it created under the emperor Asoka a centralized state incorporating most of modern south asia, and had diplomatic relationships with Hellenistic neighbors to the west as well as Sri Lanka to the south. • Model for its successor states following fragmentation in the 2nd century BC. • Ruled for more than 150 years (325-185 BC) • Asoka third emporer • Capital Pataliputra. Most of the empire mapped out because of the distribution of Asoka’s edicts, which spread from Bangladesh to Afghanistan, and from Nepal to Brahmagiri. • Responsible for pacifying much of South Asia, allowed greater freedom of movement, the enhancement of networks for trade, and emergence of artifact standardization. • Dissipated in the 2nd century BC due to cultural conver gence, internal intrigues and external pressures, and resulted in creation of smaller states.
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Asoka |
• Third emperor of the Mauryan empire, reigned 272-235 BC) • Edicts displayed on boulders, erected stone pillars, written on stone slabs • his edicts demonstrate that his empire represents one of the first attempts to create a pluralistic unity from the diverse populations of south asia. • Notable for conquering large groups of peoples, then apologizing for his brute efforts and converting to Buddhism, contributing to its spread. |
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Buddhism |
The spread of Buddhism sprang in part from seaborne trade in the Bronze-Iron Age. • A polytheistic religion created by Siddharta Gautama • Cannonized in Pataliputra -6-5 century BCE |
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Gupta Empire |
Established in Northern India by Chandragupta I (reigned AD 320-335) represented the end of the fragmented remains of the Early Historic period. • Installation of a new imperial system consisting of a core run by royal officials and governors, and a periphery of individual states • marked the abandonment of the centralized socio-economic and religious integration of the Mauryan model of kingship. |
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Siddharta Gautama |
• Buddha • Siddhartha Guatama (roughly 566-486 B.C.) Indian philosopher and prince of a clan in what is now Nepal • Means “the enlightened one” • Focused on preaching non violence as well as selflessness • at 29 became dissatisfied with life. Studied for 6 years with gurus while depriving himself of the bare minimum to survive. While meditated under a tree found enlightenment and reached nirvana (extinction of desire and ignorance). • Mahatma Gandhi, a liberator of India approximately two millenniums later, was greatly influenced by Jain principles and tradition. • Buddhism spread throughout Asia during the Axial Age, promoting an agenda of peace and working towards ascension to nirvana in a time of shifting societies. |
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Unification of the Chinese Empire |
• 221 B.C.E (the beginning of the Qin Dynasty) • China • Occurred under the ruthless Qin Dynasty, which unified the Chinese feudal states via military conquest. • The unified Chinese empire existed under a Legalist state doctrine, which considered law and order of top priority over einathics. This put much power into the hands of the emperor and allowed for strict regulations and swift punishments. • Though the Qin Dynasty did not last even 20 years, China remained unified from then onward, and gradually became a nearly self sufficient economic power and an essential empire on the world stage as a result of this unification. |
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Confucius |
• 551-479 B.C.E • Lu State in Feudal China • Founder of Confucianism, which focuses on interpersonal human regard, the importance of ethical living, and well-manneredness. • His ideas emerged in contrast to the chaos and violence of post-Zhou China warring states, and were very popular amongst his many disciples. • His teachings became the basis for the Ru school of thought after his death, and were made the official doctrine of Han Dynasty china, continuing to influence Chinese philosophy from then on.
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Legalism |
• 4th century B.C.E. • China • A school of thought that law and order are more important than ethics, and should be upheld even at the cost of justice in order to ensure the continued functioning of society. • Legalism existed in stark contrast to Confucianism, an ethical, humanistic doctrine of thought which had dominated China prior to legalism’s inception. Legalism’s development, therefore, is likely due to the civil and domestic conflict that characterized 4th century China. • Though general rather cruel in tactic, legalism ultimately led to the unification of the Chinese state, first through the harsh legalistic reforms of the short-lived Qin Dynasty, then through the Confucianist-Legalist compromise of the Han DynastConfucianian education and code of ethics, legalist governmental structure)
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Silk Roads |
• 139 B.C.E (Zhang Qian, the explorer, was sent by the emperor on this route for the first time to explore for potential trade partners/other civilizations, finding Bactria) • Originated in China, eventually extended across Eurasia all the way to the Roman Empire • The most important and frequently used land-based method of trade in the Eurasian age of Empires. Named for the Chinese silk that travelled along the road, and was coveted by those Europeans who could afford it. • Completely changed the perspective of Eurasian civilizations, introducing a world beyond the borders of any given society, and thereby creating an essential sense of Eurasian interconnectedness via trade. • The silk roads fostered their legacy through the broad-reaching exchange of ideas. Via the silk roads, Buddhism, Islam, and Chistianity were spread, alongside many languages and lifestyles.
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Han Dynasty |
• 206 B.C.E-220 C.E • China • The Han Dynasty was the first long-lasting imperial dynasty of China. • Functioned using a combination of legalist government structure and administration and Confucianism-based education and ethical doctrine. • The Han dynasty established the cultural values that characterize China today, particularly filial piety and community. This can be attributed to the fact that government administrators had to be educated, and education at the time was rooted in Confucianism. Their legacy is also evident in the identification of the majority ethnic group in China as the ‘Han people’. |
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Tibet |
• Presumed to have emerged in the 6th century C.E. • Southwestern modern-day China on the Tibetan Plateau. • A Southwest Asian state characterized by divine-kingship and extensive grain-based agriculture, initially considered barbaric by China. • Interacted frequently with Tang Dynasty China, mostly in the form of conflict but also in trade and marriage. The Tang Dynasty’s decline led to Tibetan decline as well, and it soon became subjugated by China. • Today a special autonomous region in China; the regions still conflict heavily, often resulting in restricted travel between the two, and the issue of Tibetan independence remains an extremely controversial one. |
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Xiongnu |
• ~221 B.C-220 C.E • Steppelands north of China • A nomadic steppeland people that posed a consistent threat to the borders of Han China. • The Xiongnu are demonstrative of the pattern that occurred throughout the world in the age of empires, where smaller, nomadic peoples on the borders of stationary centralized empires would often invade in hopes of profiting off of the purported wealth and resources of said empires. • At first, China attempted to keep the Xiongnu away through violent conflict, but this failed to deliver lasting results. This strategy was therefore eventually changed to one in which the Xiongnu were allowed into China, appeased with Chinese goods and immersed within the Chinese culture. This resulted in some Xiongnu transitioning to life under Chinese rule. |
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Tang Dynasty |
• 618-907 C.E • China • The second successful long-term imperial dynasty in China. • The first dynasty to significantly open China up to trade, via usage of the silk roads. The Tang Capital, Chang’an (currently Xi’an) is situated right along the roads, making evident the importance of exchanging resources and ideas in the Tang period. • The impact of the Tang Dynasty was carried on via influence on the developing states of Tibet and Japan. Under the Tang dynasty, lasting relationships were developed between China and these states, primarily through trade and marriage. Eventually, Tibet became subordinated by China while Japan emerged as its own functional entity.
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Japan |
• Chinese influence in Japan (which eventually led to Japanese statehood) began in ~400 C.E • A series of islands off the east coast of China. • A state that emerged in the shadow of Tang Dynasty China, considered themselves equal to the Chinese and acted as such. • Japan retained its independence from Chinese culture by securing a method of inheritance of the throne (both opening rulership up to women and allowing for rulers to abdicate and support chosen heirs) and kept the rulers Japanese and the state centralized. • Japan eventually rose to world-power status both politically and economically. Confliction with China has persisted, resulting in two major wars and much continuous animosity. |
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Islam |
• One of the world’s 3 large monotheistic religions • Began with Muhammad in Mecca and the night of revelations in 610 CE where the word of Allah (God) was recited to him. Recite in arabic is Qu’ran • Spread through conquest and reached from the Maghreb (Morocco) and southern Spain to Persian empire • Is now spread all over the world • Primary text is the Qu’ran, accompanied by commentary--the Hadiths or lessons from Muhammed that people around him collected • 2 truths: that Allah is the one and only true God and that Muhammed is his prophet • tremendous plurality and dynamism, flexability, which is why it has prevailed • orthopraxy, not orthodoxy |
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Muhammad |
· 570-632 C.E. born in Mecca, orphaned as a child · The founder of Islam, believed by Muslims to be the last Prophet sent by God. • His lessons and actions in life are what created the Haddiths which were essentially cannonized after his death, because the Qu’ran says very little on how to actually dress and act in life. * prophet who brought Islam to society* unified Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam * in 622, he led followers to Medina to establish religious state |
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The Caliphate |
• is an Islamic state led by a supreme religious and political leader known as a caliph "successor" to Muhammad • The Sunni branch of Islam stipulates that as a head of state, a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives. Followers of Shia Islam, however, believe a caliph should be an Imam chosen by God (Allah) from Muhammad's direct descendent. • supreme islamic authority, sometimes known as imam • primary function to uphold religious law, maintain law and order in his realm, and fend off outside aggression. • the problem of identifiying who was caliph split Islam between its rival claimants |
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Sunni and Shi’a Islam |
· 632 C.E, following the death of the prophet Muhammad · Sunna (Sunni) follow the ethics of Allah and muhammed • Shi’a follow leadership of the party of Ali · The Sunni and Shi’a factions of Islam resulted from a split in opinion regarding who would succeed Muhammad following his death. · The Shi’a believed that Ali, the closest relative to Muhammad, cousin and son-in-law married to his daughter Fatima,was the rightful successor Sunni believed that Abu Bakr, uncle and father to his wife Aisha, was the rightful successor· This split between Shi’a and Sunni continues in modern Islam, with the latter group being far more numerous, and has been the source of conflict within the religion ever since the split. There were multiple physical battles when the schism was still fresh, but now the primary confliction is ideological, particularly regarding the Hadith. Wahabbism-super fundementalist |
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Sufism |
• advocates fasting and meditation to induce a mystical sense of identity with Allah (God) • a branch of Islam that was influenced by christianity • accused of being heretical by other islamic sects • the only sect of islam that has missionaries, as in the qur’an they are condemned • followers are called sufis (sufees)
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Byzantine Empire |
· 330 C.E (Constantine’s establishment of Constantinople)-1453 C.E. · Eastern Roman Empire territory in the Mediterranean region. · A Christian, Greek speaking empire which emerged after the fall of Western Rome, considering itself a natural extension of the once whole Roman Empire. · Contributed enormously to Christianity by endorsing it via the first Christian emperor, Constantine (though he was not baptized until he lay dying), enabling it to spread in safe practice and providing the platform on which it would become the dominating religion it is currently. · Also had legacy in the creation of the Justinian Code by emperor Justinian I; this code was intended for public reading as well as for legal use, and was therefore written in a way that was more widely digestible, leading it to become the basis of law for most of Western Europe.
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Justinian I |
· Reigned between 518-527 C.E. · Byzantine Empire · An impressive Byzantine emperor that came to power when the empire was rife with internal divisions and brought it to new heights, primarily through administrative reform. · Notably born a ‘barbarian’ but adopted into Byzantine life, which led him to take on his Roman name. This progression from barbarian status at birth to ascension to the Byzantine throne makes evident the intermixing between ‘authentic’ Roman peoples and those once thought to be barbaric outsiders. · Corpus Juris Civilis: canonization of law. Known best for his creation of the Justinian Code; a well-structured code of law written in a way that was accessible to the general public (unlike most legal material prior), and ultimately became the basis of law for most of western Europe. |
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Charlemagne |
• name means charles the great • Frankish king and emperor in western europe, somewhat brutish, often offered people the choice of converting to christianity or death • conquered the Saxons • 742-814 CE • helped reshape early medieval Europe by uniting most of Latin christendom and contributing to the preservation of classical Latin learning, which in turn layed down the foundations for political and cultural developments in Europe for centuries. |
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Hanseatic League |
· Middle of the 1300s · Northern Germanic cities. · An organization of merchant cities throughout Northern Germany, created with the purpose of facilitating safe, reliable trade associations between cities. · One of the first widespread organizations of its kind; it was a union separate from the weak German government (and even resulting from the lack of effort on the German government’s part to secure economic connections for traders) that held meetings and functioned on its own set policies. |
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Maya |
• Mesoamerican civilization • famous for their concepts in mathematics, complex calendars, astrology, and writing system • rulership was closely associated with war, warfare virtually constant among classical maya, not uniquely peaceful • occupied Yucatan peninsula, volcanic highlands of Guatemala, and lowland tropical forests • social and political organization was strongly hierarchical, commoners mostly farmers • collapse was not sudden catastrophe, northern half of the yucatan was comparatively unscathed to the south until the spanish came. began around 760 AD in western kingdoms. no one explanation to its collapse, although could have been ecocide |
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axial age |
* 800-200 BCE (as stated by Karl Jaspers)
* A period of the birth of many influential ideas and philosophies (for example Daoism in China or Rationalism in Greece) * Religion was being combatted by reason for the first time in human history * Primarily driven forward by people in the second/upper middle class of society, those who were not at the top were open to new systems and ways of thinking, had enough leisure time and education to develop their ideas. |
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holocene |
* Roughly 10,000 BCE to the current day
* Global phenomenon * Provides the framework for agriculture to take place leading to the Neolithic revolution * Relatively stable and warmer climate * “Neolithic Revolution” Agriculture * Bronze Age * Iron Age |
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silk roads |
* took approximately 1 year
* relay sort of hand off of goods * transported through caravans * expanded from E. China to the Mediterranean * Eurasian Expansion * Important because it allowed trade of many different goods/information |
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Islam |
* one of the three monotheistic religions
* began in 610 CE * “Night of Revelation” - Qu’ran revealed to the prophet Muhammad * spans from Morocco/Spain to Afghanistan/Pakistan * Holy Land - Mecca; mandatory pilgrimage called the Hajj |
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civilization |
* According to Sterns, a civilization is humans living together in cities or towns.
* The first civilization is considered to be the civilization of Sumer around 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia * Since the concept had been used since the second half of the 18th century it usually refers to the hierarchy of societies with those engaged in agriculture at the top and foragers at the bottom * Civilization is a consequence of the Holocene period and the trend of agriculture that developed as a result of the Holocene |
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babylonian captivity |
* 586-539 BCE in Mesopotamia (east of the Mediterranean)
* The capture and displacement of Jewish people by the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar, and the destruction of Jerusalem * Their devotion to their religion for those 50 years and after their eventual release made Judaism more compelling and contributed to the spread of monotheistic practice * From this time in captivity came the idea that practicing rituals in a specific place is less important than the reading of the holy scriptures * |
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monotheism |
•1300-1200 B.C.E (the beginning of Judaism) mention that it’s hard to pinpoint *Amarna - Moses could’ve gotten idea of one single god from Amarna - sun oriented people •Hypothesized to have originated in the Israelite society of the Eastern Mediterranean, or in Amarna in Egypt. •Monotheism is the belief in a singular supreme deity, and was first preached by the prophet Abraham. •Though Monotheism was once abnormal, the compelling history and devotion of the Jewish people combined with the emergence of Christianity, which was accessible to non-Jews, allowed it to slowly come to much greater prominence. •The three monotheistic religions today are Islam, Judaism, and Christianity, though the last is debated due to Jesus Christ’s position as the ‘son of god’. |
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Zarathustra/Zoroastrianism |
* Beginning in the 6th century BCE, Eastern Persia (present day Iran)
* Ancient religion of the Iranian people (Zarathustra was the prophet) * Two types of deities: Ahuras (the good ones) and Daivas (the evil ones). Ahura Mazda is the supreme Ahura deity of creation * A person can end up in heaven of hell, which is the first time that that concept appears in history. Heavily influences Abrahamic religions to come |
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Augustus |
* 63 BC - 14 CE
* founder of the Roman Empire * The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana (The Roman Peace). * succeeded by Tiberius, stepson by 3rd wife, Livia Drusilla * caesar and emperor |
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The Cyrus Cylinder |
-written on an actual cylinder -jews can leave babylonia now -cyrus is #1 -first emperor of first empire -ruled with benevolence |
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Edicts of Asoka |
-Asoka: 3rd emperor in mauryan empire -united people by killing a lot of people and then spread buddhism -describes conversion of buddhism -praise be to Asoka -demonstrates how his conquering was main agent of change -spreading religion and conquering territory go hand in hand -first centralised rule in India |
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Sima Qian, Shiji (autobiography) and letters |
-autobiographical -monumental history of ancient china -covers the world as it was then known to the Chinese |
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The Han Feizi |
-written at the end of the warring states period in china -a text regarding legalism -assumed that people were naturally evil and always acted to avoid punishment while simultaneously trying to achieve gains -the law must severely punish people but reward those who follow it -focused on three concepts: ~his position of power ~certain techniques ~laws |
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Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War |
-historical account of the peloponnesian war -fought between peloponnesian league and the delian league -written by Thucydides, an athenian historian and athenian general -regarded as one of the earliest scholarly works of history
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Augustus, The Achievements of the Divine Augustus |
-funerary inscription of the first roman emperor -gave people insight into the image august portrayed to the roman people -written right before Augustus’ death in AD 14
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Tacitus, Annals and Agricola |
Annals -Tacitus’ final work -covering the period from the death of augustus caesar to the death of tiberius -one of the earliest secular historical records to mention Christ
Agricola -covers the geography and ethnography of ancient Britain -Tacitus critiques Roman empire -favorable contrasts the liberty of the native britons with the tyranny and corruption of the empire
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Acts and Paul’s Letter to the Galatians on the ‘Council at Jerusalem’ o Cassius Dio, Roman History |
-a letter from Paul the Apostle to a number of Early Christian communities in the Roman province of Galatia in central Anatolia -Paul is principally concerned with the controversy surrounding Gentile Christians and the Mosaic Law during the Apostolic Age
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The Nicene Creed |
-the profession of faith most widely used in Christian liturgy -adopted in city of Nicaea
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Charlemagne’s Letter to Abbot Baugulf of Fulda |
-probably written in late 780s-800s -witness to the Carolingian educational reforms during the Carolingian Renaissance -shows Emperor Charlemagne’s interest in promoting learning and education within his empire |
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Nihongi with Taika Reform Edicts |
-set of doctrines established in year 645 -written after the death of Prince Shotoku -artistically marked the end of the Asuka Period |
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The Qur’an |
-literally meaning “the recitation” -written in Arabic, read right to left -central religious text of Islam -believed to be a revelation from God, transcribed by Muhammad, his prophet |
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Excerpts from Hadith |
-reports of the teachings -deeds and saying of the islamic prophet of Muhammad -compiled from oral reports that were in circulation in society around the time of their compilation long after the death of Muhammad |
