His 101 Final Questions To Consider

Front 1

Why did Charlemagne distrust the pope's motives in crowning Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor?

Back 1

o The action would give future popes the idea that they had more power and political superiority over the Holy Roman Empire than Charlemagne would allow.
o The crowning was planned without the emperor's knowledge, and Charlemagne was suspicious in part because he simply didn't need the title. He was already emperor in his own right

Front 2

How could Charlemagne create such a powerful empire?

Back 2

o He forced the peoples of the lands he conquered into Christianity
o Enlisted the help of counts to supervise local governance in their territories, convene courts, establish tolls, administer royal lands, and collect taxes.
o He created a coinage to facilitate trade which was still used in Europe and Britain until the 1970s.
o He also periodically sent out messengers through the countryside to relay his instructions and report back on the conduct of local administrators.

Front 3

Why were the Crusades launched?

Back 3

o The City of Jerusalem held a Holy significance to the Christian religion.
o The Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem commemorated the hill of crucifixion and the tomb of Christ's burial and was visited by Pilgrims.
o In 1065 Jerusalem was taken by the Turks and 3000 Christians were massacred starting a chain of events which contributed to the cause of the crusades

Front 4

Why did feudalism develop after the fall of the Roman Empire?

Back 4

o The people of Western Europe needed a source of protection from many invading threats with order. As a result, they invented a system in which people of higher classes provided protection for lower classes in return for their loyalty to them. This allowed people to be safe and happy with cooperation between classes.

Front 5

Why was the Magna Carta an important step in the political evolution of England in the middle ages?

Back 5

o It was important step in England's political evolution because it established principles such as limiting the power of the king, not allowing the king to charge taxes without the people's consent, and allowing no unqualified person to hold office.
o The Magna Carta would become the basis for the constitutional monarchy England holds today.

Front 6

What was Scholasticism?

Back 6

o Scholasticism was an educational revolution which developed a method of critical thinking by teaching the academics of philosophy, theology, and writings of the Church Fathers

Front 7

How did the Mongols affect the development of Russia?

Back 7

o Fighting with the Mongols Russia was cut off from the rest of Europe.
o Fighting with the Mongols Russia didn't take part in the Renaissance or the Reformation
o Mongols halted most of the development in Russia
o Mongols pillaged several cities almost causing them to have to backtrack

Front 8

How did Muscovite Russia compare with other European states of the period?

Back 8

o Russia became a multiethnic empire; the largest in the pre-modern world.
o Had a greater expanse of continuous land than any other empire.
o Russia did not take part in the Renaissance or the Reformation

Front 9

What caused the rise of national monarchies in the middle ages?

Back 9

o Fall of the feudal system
o Ended up limiting kings power
o National monarchies gave a sense of national identity and fusion with the kingship; as kings came into more power national monarchies began to emerge

Front 10

Why was Joan of Arc burned at the stake?

Back 10

o She claimed to have been commanded by God to lead French forces against the English occupying army during the Hundred Years' War. She was successful in her efforts, but was betrayed by the French king and handed to the English, who tried her for heresy.
o Helped France recover most of its territories back

Front 11

What was the role of the church in the Renaissance?

Back 11

o Followers declined during renaissances
o Churches power lessened due to free thinking
o Martin Luther’s protests led to full scale revolts
o Pope competed with Italian princes for power
o Church fought many wars to protect the papal states
o Clergy’s sold indulgences

Front 12

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

Back 12

o Italy's was the central hub for trade
o which led to more free thinking
o Many merchants brought new ideas and new items from around Europe
o After the Black Death, Northern Italy became the most urbanized region of Europe
o Italy’s Intent on re-establishing their classical heritage because they were seeking an independent cultural identity that could help them oppose the intellectual and political supremacy of France.

Front 13

Why did these reform movements succeed at this moment in time?

Back 13

o The reforms that went on during the Protestant Reformation succeeded because many people wanted independence
o The Renaissance prompted closer study of the Bible
o There was an increase in power of Europe's independent states.

Front 14

What was the impact of the Council of Trent on the Catholic Church?

Back 14

o Condemned Protestantism
o Reformed catholic church
o Reaffirmed all the traditional tenets challenged by Protestant critics
o Papal supremacy over all bishops and priests maintained, and the supremacy of the pope over any church council

Front 15

How did the discovery of other world societies change Europe's view of itself?

Back 15

o The expanding consumer economy spurred the demand for manufactured goods from this and other societies
o Allowed for the people to develop a better standard of living and expansion

Front 16

What specific technologies were required to sail the open seas?

Back 16

o Compass, navigation charts, a navigator, triangular sails, astrolabes to calculate latitude, and maps books with sailing instructions