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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Identify Scottsboro Boys
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Group of young blacks, who got into a fight with some white "hobos" on a Southern Railroad freight train. They won the fight and tossed the whites off the train. Later they were arrested and accused of gang raping 2 white women (Med evidence= no rape). But, witihn 2 weeks 8 of the Scottsboro Boys were sentenced to death (all white jury? check.) The Supreme Court intervened: Alabama law had violated the law by excluding black juries and the defendents had been denied council. Nes trials were held, and 5 men were convicted, spending almost 20 years in prison.
= despite fed action, AL state law won = illustrates the power of racism in the conflict between local and national power in the 1930's US |
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Identify Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
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-Under Hoover. In 1932.
- Provided federal loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads - Hope: would shore up those industries and halt the disinvestment in the US economy - most forceful action by Hoover=was direct gov't intervention, not "voluntarism" |
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Identify Black Cabinet
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- Group of aprox. 50 blacks who held relatively important positions in New Deal agencies and cabinet-level dept. Met on Friday evenings at the home of Mary McLeod Bethune (distinguished educator)
- Term given by journalist |
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Identify Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
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- At the heart of FDR's new deal experiment
-Established a national system of crop controls -Offered subsidies to farmers who agreed to limit production of specific crops: meant to provide farmers the same purchasing power they had during WWI - Meant to raise prices of agricultural goods - Consequences: disaster for tenant farmers and sharecroppers (landlords didn't keep their tenants on the land even while cutting production was not fulfilled) -1936; Supreme Court rules AAA unconstitutional-legislation was rewritten, and continues to this day |
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Identify Huey Long
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- elected Governor of LA in 1928
- As a senator...became anti-new deal and countered in 1934 with the Share Our Wealth Society (advocated the seizer of all income exceeding 1 mil...) - Movement had many followers, Long was a possible pres candidate... -Then: assassinated in 1935 |
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Identify Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
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- largest federal intervention in the South
- Authorized by Congress during Roosevelt's First 100 Days - Created to develop a water and hydroelectric power project sim to the multipurpose dams of the W - Later expanded it's purposes: promoted economic development, helped bring electricity to rural areas, restored fields worn out from overuse, fought malaria - downside: TVA=major polluter... became a monumental disaster in US environmental history |
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Identify Father Charles Coughlin
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A Roman Catholic priest whose weekly radio sermons reached up to 30 million listeners. Appealed to the fears and frustrations of people who felt they'd lost control of their lives to distant elites and impersonal forces. Anti-New Deal, Anti-Semitic
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Identify John L. Lewis
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-Prominent labor leader
- Helped create the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO)- later renamed Congress of Indus Organizations -Unlike the AFL, the CIO included women and people of color. Union membership gave these workers greater employment security and the benefits of collective bargaining |
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Identify "fireside chats"
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- Roosevelt's radio addresses to the American people= widely popular
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Identify John Collier
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- 1933: Roosevelt names him (a critic of the BIA) head of th Bureau of Indian Affairs
-founder of the American Indian Defense agency - meant to completely reverse the course of US Indian policy and had pos results - Indian Reorganization Act (1934): went a long way towards ending forced assimilation, and restoring Indian lands to tribal ownership. gave fed. recognition to tribal governments. |
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Identify those individuals/groups who who outspoken opponents of the New Deal and describe the alternatives proposed.
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1. Wealthy Business leaders. Solution: Joined w/ Al Smith to establish the American Liberty League:attempted to turn southern whites against the New Deal
2. Populists. Complaint: the gov't favored business too much and paid too little attention to the needs of the common people 3. Father Charles Coughlin: (see card), radio show 4. Dr. Francis E. Townsend:Solution: Amer'ns over 60 should receive a gov't pension of $200 a mo- financed by a new "transaction" (sales) tax 5. Huey Long: Solution:(see other card), "Share Our Wealth Society" |
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Cite the Key achievements of the Second New Deal.
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1. "The Big Bill": Emergency Relief Appropriation Act (Provided $4 billion in new deficit spending to establish massive pub works programs for the jobless)
...ERAA funded the Resettlement Administration, Rural Electrification Administration, National Youth Administration, and the Works Progress Administration ( :employed more than 8.5 mil ppl, built highways, roads, pub buildings, bridges, reservoirs, irrigation systems, sewage treatment plants. Sponsored cultural programs- Federal Theater Project, Arts Project, Fed Music Project, Fed Writers Project) ...Also: The Social Security Act: created (for the first time) a federal system to provide for the social welfare of American citizens |
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How was the Second New Deal different from the First New Deal?
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- Sparked by a populist and socialist push for FDR to focus on Social Justice (thanks Eleanor!)
- 2nd ND: aimed at providing "greater security for the average man than he has ever known before in the history of America"vs. ND: experimented with forms of national economic planning, and created a range of "relief" programs to help those in need |
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Trace the rise of the CIO during the 1930s.
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- Sparked by the rivalry between craft and industrial unions
- 1935: John L. Lewis resigned as vice pres of the AFL and created the Committee for Industrial Organization -1938: renamed Congress of Industrial Organizations. Had 3.7 mil members (compared to the AFL's 3.4 mil) |
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Identify the impact of the New Deal on the American West
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- Changed the Amer'n West more than any other region: fed sponsored construction of dams and other public works projects reshaped the region's economy and environment.
...Water from dams opened new areas to agriculture and allowed western cities to expand: the cheap electricity they produced attracted industry to the region. ... The fed gov't also brought mils of acres of land under its control: limiting agricultural production ...Taylor Grazing Act: saved the western cattle industry |
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Identify the impact of the New Deal on Native Americans
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- After John Collier was named head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)= much change- through Indian Reorganization Act (see other card)
... not all Indians supported the IRA: "back to the blanket" measure based on romantic notions of "authentic" Indian culture? The tribal gov't structure set out in the IRA was foreign to some tribes. The Navajos refused to ratify the IRA |
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Identify the impact of the New Deal on the American South
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Tennessee Valley Authority (see card)
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Identify German reparations
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After WWI= much international debt, 9.6 bilion owed to the US. American leaders insisted of repayment. The debt question became linked to a $33 billion bill: some believed Germany had the capacity, but not the willingness to pay.
Germany, hobbled by inflation and economic disorder began to default it's payments... Amer'n bankers began to loan money = Amer'n investor $- Germany, Germany paid reparations to the Allies, Allies paid some of their debts to the US |
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Identify Lend-Lease Act
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Roosevelt: because Britain was broke, the US should lend rather than sell weapons.
Because of much pro-British sentiment: passed by the House in 03/1941. The initial appropriation was $7 billion...by the end= $50 bil, more than $31 billion for Britain (some sent to the soviet Union) |
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Identify isolationism
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- Key elements= abhorrence of war and fervent opposition to US alliance with other nations.... vast majority of= opposed fascism and condemned aggression, but did not believe that the Us should have to block Hitler.
- Many Amer'ns sought to distance themselves from the European tension (pre WWII) through isolationism. Grew suspicious of US buisness ties w/ Germany and Italy (might indanger US neutrality!!!) - After the fall of France, Amer'ns began to abandon Isolationism (alarmed that nations were being overtaken!) |
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Identify Cordell Hull
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Secretary of state under FDR from 1933-1944. Believed that US economic expansion would stabilize world politics. Believed finding a way out of the depression= reviving world trade, opposed protective tariffs. 1934= Helped create the Export-Import bank: gov't agency that provided loans for eigners for the purchase of Amer'n goods, stimulated trade and became a diplomatic weapon. Short Term=his ambitious programs )examples of Amer'ns independent internationalism) brought mixed results.
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Identify Washington Naval Conference
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B/c of urgings from peace advocates, Pres. Harding convened the WNC in 1922. Delegates from Britian, Japan, France, Italy, China, Portugal, Belgium, and the Neverlands joined a US team (lead by Sec of State Charles Hughes) to discuss limits on naval armaments . 1st agreement= limited US, British , Japanese, French, and Italian ships (5:3:1.75 ratio)
2nd agreement= (9-power treaty) reafirmed the Open Door in China (recognized Chinese sovereignty) 3rd agreement=(4-power treaty) US, Britain, Japan, and France agreed to respect one another's Pacific possessions |
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Identify Charles Evans Hughes
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Sec of State under Harding, led the Washington Naval Conference US team.
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Identify William Borah
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US senator of Idaho who urged that Latin Americans be granted the right of self-determination, letting them decide their own futures (1920s). Some business leaders feared that Latin American Nationalists would direct their anti-Yankee feelings against American-owned property.
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Identify Stimson Doctrine
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The US response to the Japanese seizure of Manchuria. a "Moral lecture": the US wouldn't recognize any impairment of China's sovereignty or the Open Door Policy- Secretary Stimson declared in 1932. (he later described this policy as a "bluff")
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Identify Winston Churchill
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Became England's Prime Minister on 05/10/1940. Met with FDR in '41... during this summit meeting they signed the Atlantic Charter.
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Identify Battle of Okinawa
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In March 1945 Amer'n troops landed on Okinawa (Island in the Ryukyus chain on the s. tip of Japan) where they planned to mount an invasion on the main Japanese islands= Much fighting and death for 2 mounths. In May= monsoon made everything worse. Had a waves of mass kaikaze attacks. Almost 5,00 semen perished. On Okinawa 7,374 Amer'n soldiers and marines died in battle. Almost the entire Japanese garrison of 100,000 died. Aprox. 80,000 civilians died.
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Identify War Production Board
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Established by Roosevelt in early 1942. Had the enormous task of allocating resources and coordinating production among thousands of independent factories.
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Identify United Nations Organization
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At the end of WWII Roosevelt lobbied for the UNO- which had been approved in principle at a meeting the previous year
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Identify Battle of Iwo Jima
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February 1945- Japanese troops battled for Iwo Jima an island less than 5 miles long, about 700 miles south of Tokyo.21 thou Japanese defenders occupied the island's high ground this position + the island's topography= excellent defensive situation= marines were slaughtered as they came ashore. After a long struggle...Amer'ns made their way up the island. in the end 6,821 Amer'ns died, more than 20,000 Japanese (Only 200 Japanese lived)
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Identify Manhattan Project
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The most important focus of government-sponsored scientific research was the Manhattan Project= a secret effor to build an atomic bomb in which the gov't poured more than $2 billion. Roosevelt was convinced that Germany was working to create atomic weapons. The worlds 1st sustained nuclear chain reaction was achieved by the MP. In 1943- the gov't set up a secret community for scientist and their fams in Los Almos NM.
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Identify "Rosie the Riveter"
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Worker invented by the government's War Manpower Commission. Was featured on posters, in magazines, and the recruiting jingle. Was an inspiring image, but did not accurately represent women in the American work force.
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Outline the means the United States used to maintain dominance over Latin America in the 1920s and 1930s.
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(Economic means example-American companies began to exploit Venezuela's rich petroleum resources.)
- Through the Platt Amendment, the Roosevelt Corollary, the Panama Canal, military intervention, and economic preeminence. Implimented American-made schools, roads, telephones, and irrigation systems. "money doctors" in Colombia and Peru helped reform tariff and tax laws and invited US companies to build public works. Washington forced private high-interest loans on the Dominican Republic and Haiti. In El Salvador, Honduras, and Costa Rica- the State Department pressed governments to silence anti-imperialist intellectuals. For a a couple years (1924,'25) republican administrators tried to limit US military intervention- but that didn't last (back by '26). By 1929 Americas direct investments in Latin America totaled $3.5 bil. |
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Trace Europe's descent into World War Two.
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- Threat from revitalized Germany (Hitler appointed)
- German aggression from Hitler- withdrew Germany from the league of Nations, ended reparations payments and began to rearm - Hitler annexed Austria, seized a region of Chechoslovakia (at the Munich conference France and Britain allowed this- upon the agreement that he wouldn't take any more) - Sept. 1= Germans invaded Poland- within 48 hrs Britain and France declared war on Germany. |
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What factors encouraged the growth of isolationist sentiment in the U.S. in the 1930s?
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- Negative "lessons learned" from WWI (War damages reform movements, undermines civil liberties, dangerously expands federal and presidential power, disrupts the economy, accentuates racial and class tensions). (2/3 of Americans= WWI was a mistake!)
- Some feared higher taxes and increased executive power if that nation went to war again. - Trying to police other nations/spread democracy= lost American freedoms at home - It's not the US's job to block Hitler |
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Where was the new Good Neighbor policy tested? (US and Latin America)
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Tested during the Cuban revolution (1933) and also during a period of Mexican Nationalism under Lazaro Cardenas.
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Note some of the dominant realities of life on the home front during WWII.
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- Worried about loved ones fighting in distant places + grieved the loss of loved ones
- Not affected directly by the war- weird paradox of good times amid global shitty times - Much support of the war effort - Goods were rationed (by 1943 the Office of Price Administration established a nationwide rationing system) - Much pro-war propaganda by gov't and Pop culture (in ads, songs, movies) - Between 1939 and the end of the war, per capita income rose, wages and saliries increased - Wartime revenue acts did increase the # of Amer'ns paying personal income tax - Wartime= new opportunities much in country (and overseas migration)= influx of some urban problems+ racial conflicts (detroit) -Increase in divorce rate! For many kids- grew up not knowing Dad. - Increase in # of marriages+ birth rate increase - Less men around + horny girls= increase promiscuity and unmarried pregnant women - Women took on more responsibilities while the men where away |
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Identify National Security Act
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(Under Truman) created in July 1947 to streamline the administration of US defense. Act created the Office of Secretary of Defense (became the Department of Defense two years later) to oversee all branches of the armed services, the National Security Council (NSC) of high-level officials to advise the president, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to conduct spy operations and information gathering overseas.
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Identify Douglas Mac Arthur
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A General. Directed a US military occupation in Japan (where the US monopolized reconstruction). Envisioned turning the Pacific Ocean into "an Anglo-Saxon lake". Was nicknamed "Mr. Prima Donna, Brass Hat". Initiated "a democratic from above"- he wrote a democratic constitution, gave women voting rights, revitalized the economy, and destroyed the nation's weapons. Planned the Inchon landing. After the US began aircraft strikes against bridges on the Yalu River (border of China and N. Korea)- China issued a warning- MacArthur shrugged off---woops- Chinese soldiers were sent to the boarder---MacArthur sent troops northward= Chinese troops counter attacked= disaster & embarrassment for US troops. Later, he got all uppity about Truman's handeling w/ China and called for an attack on China. Truman, backed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff fired Mac Arthur.
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Identify Brinkmanship
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Practice of not backing down in a crisis- even if it meant taking the nation to the brink of war. (Eisenhower + Cold war anyone? )
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Identify domino theory
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Popularized by Eisenhower. Theory that small, weak neighboring nations would fall to communism like a row of dominoes if they were not propped up by the US.
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Identify hydrogen bomb
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In early 1950 Truman gave the go-ahead to begin production of a hydrogen bomb
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Identify Ichon landing
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(Planned by MacArthur)an amphibious landing at heavily fortified Inchon (several hundred miles behind N. Korean lines). Guns and Bombs pounded Inchon....then marines sprinted ashore on Sept. 1950. big Success- the troops soon liberated the South Korean capital of Seoul and pushed the North Koreans back to the 38th parallel
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Identify Sputnik
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First earth-orbiting satellite. Launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Congress responded in 1958 with the National Defense Education Act (NDEA)- funded enrichment of elementary and high-school programs in math, foreign lang, and the science (Desire to win the "battle of the brains")
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Identify Jinmen and Mazu
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Tensions between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) in the 1950s resulted in armed conflict over strategic islands in the Taiwan Strait. On two separate occasions during the 1950s, the PRC bombed islands controlled by the ROC. The United States responded by actively intervening on behalf of the ROC.
The importance of the islands in the Taiwan Strait was rooted in their geographic proximity to China and Taiwan and their role in the Chinese Civil War. Jinmen (Quemoy), two miles from the mainland Chinese city of Xiamen, and Mazu, ten miles from the city of Fuzhou, are located approximately one hundred miles west of TaiwanU.S. policy toward East Asia in the early Cold War contributed to the tensions in the Taiwan Strait. In late 1949 and early 1950, American officials were prepared to let PRC forces cross the Strait and defeat Chiang, but after the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, the United States sent its Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent the Korean conflict from spreading south. |
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Identify Ngo Dinh Diem
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Catholic. With the help of the US, pushed Bao Dai aside and inaugurate the Republic of Vietnam. Had little mass support. Staged a frauglent election in South Vietnam - When Ho Chi Minh (and world community) pressed for national elections in keeping with the Geneva agreements- Diem and Eisenhower refused. From 1955-1961 the Diem governent recieved more than $1 billion in American aid (mostly militarily.) Diem's regime became US dependent. Diem= difficult alley- acted dictatorially and ignored urgings from America.
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Identify Alger Hiss case
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- 1948: Congressman Richard Nixon of California accused former State Department Offical Alger Hiss of espionage.
-1950:Hiss was convicted of lying about his contacts w/Soviet agents |
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Identify Joseph McCarthy
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- Republican senator of Wisconsion: made outrageous claims about great #s of communists in the State Department- master at using the press making sensational accusations...
- CRAZY. Alcoholic- would drink then eat a 1/4 pound stick of butter to counter the effects - Had a record of dishonesty - Anti-communist excesses of this era came to be known as McCarthyism - Was discredited on national television in 1954 |
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Identify President's Committee on Civil Rights
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-1946: Truman signed an executive order establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights. The Committee's Report, "To Secure These Rights", would become the agenda for the civil rights movement for the nest twenty years
- Called for anti-lynching and anti-segregation legislation, laws guaranteeing voting rights and equal employment opportunity. |
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Identify "milirary-industrial complex"
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- Eisenhower (just before leaving office, went on national radio...) he observed the US had begun to maintain a large standing army and even greater percentages of the nation's budget went to developing and building weapons of war. E warned: the total influence- economic, political, even spiritual-is felt in every city, every stathouse, every office of the federal government and threatened the nation's democratic process-urged Americans to "guard against the military-industrial complex"
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Identify Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Serriously? You know this.
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Identify HUAC
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- the House Un-American Activities Committee
- Created in 1938 to investigate "subversive and un-American propaganda" - This anti-New-Deal committee lost credibility during the 1930s when they accused film stars (including Shirley Temple) of being dupes of the communist party -1947- was back in Hollywood w. the help of the FBI went on attack... group called "Hollywood 10" went to jail for refusing to "name names", at least 12 others committed suicide. - Also targeted University professors in their "witch hunt" |
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Discuss the causes of the postwar wave of anti-communist hysteria.
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-Fears from the Cold War tensions
- People saw the failure of appeasement at Munich and worried the US was "too soft" toward the Soviet Union. - US decrypted almost 3k telegraphic cables that proved Soviet spies had infiltrated US government agencies and nuclear programs -Fear of nuclear war - Spurred on by the HUAC and McCarthyism |
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Describe the successes of the civil rights movement from the late 1940s to 1960s
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- Truman's establishment of the President's Committee on Civil Rights: for the first time since Reconstruction, a president had acknowledged the federal government's responsibility to protect blacks and strive for racial equality
- 1948:Truman issued 2 executive orders declaring an end to racial discrimination in the federal government (Fair employment throughout federal establishment, desegregated armed forces) - Won court cases that challenged "separate but equal"-outlawing whites only primaries, segregation on bus transportation system, racially restrictive covenants - Jackie Robinson- broke the major league color barrier - Brown vs. the Board of Education! - Little Rock Nine- Eisenhower used federal power to suppress potential violence - Montgomery Bus Boycott |
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Describe the failures of the civil rights movement from the late 1940s and 1960s.
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- Segregation was still standard practice- blacks continued to suffer disfranchisement job discrimination...ect.- was largly unchallenged in most of America (Subburbs)
- White resistance increased -- increase violence (Chicago, Detroit) |
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Discuss the consequences of the postwar wave of anti-communist hysteria.
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- HUAC hollywood "witch hunt"= ruined the lives and carriers of many men and women
-HUAC university "witch hunts"= professors fired, others became afraid and began to downplay the controversial material in their courses - Spread- Americans began pointing the finger at one another - Public figures found it too risky to stand up to McCarthyism |
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Describe the reasons for the growth of the Sunbelt and the national economy overall.
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-Labor agreements helped create prosperity for union members and their families... government policies helped bring the nation's poorest region into the American economic mainstream
- South: WWI (defense industry plants and military training camps= $ and economic growth), postwar era (huge levels of defense spending) = New Prosperity - Also from agribusiness, the oil industry, real-estate development, and recreation -Sunbelt states aggressively sought foreign investment -Governments weapons development and space programs= need for highly educated scientists, engineers, and other white-collar professionals |
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T or F. FDR's faith was sincere, but not intellectually sophisticated
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T
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T or F Roosevelt was known as a superficially religious man.
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F. Many closet to FDR professed his deeply character
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T or F Roosevelt sought God's guidance in all the
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T
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T or F
FDR had poor relationships with Catholics and Jews. |
F. He developed much closer connections w/ Catholics and Jews than any pres before
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Who coined the term: "The only thing we have to fear is fear its self"?
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FDR
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From Class notes...
How might one define the Cold War? |
- The dominant paradigm for understanding world politics from 1945-1991
- Belligerence without direct, violent confrontation between superpowers |
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Class Notes...
How was the Cold War waged? |
-competing alliances
-Rival ideologies -Foreign aid and economic sanctions -Stockpiling of the nuclear weapons -Regional Wars through client states |
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Class Notes
What were the overall consequences of the Cold War? |
- 20 million deaths
- Created fears of doomsday - Emptied treasuries of the combatants |
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Background of the Cold War=
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1. Soviets and US- Grand alliance as "Marriage of Necessity"
2. Yalta and Potsdam Conferences: Goals=weak Germany w/ buffer nations in E. Europe-Security for Soviet Nations. |
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What were Cold War issues: 1945-1947?
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1. Polland
2. Other Eastern Europe governments 3. Future of Germany 4. Economic reconstruction of Europe 5 International policies toward atomic bomb and atomic energy Net Result: Deteriorating relations: '45-46 |
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What were reasons for US policy during the Cold War?---Why confront the Soviets in Europe?
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1. Tradition of mutual distrust-fears of Soviet aggression
2. Determination not to repeat experience of 1930s appeasement policy ("red fascism") 3. US expectations following victory in WWII---arrogance of power/economic superiority/Nuclear monopoly 4. US economic needs 5. Truman's personality-hard-line approach 6. State dept.'s interpretation of Soviet activities--commit theory |
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Describe the Cold War policy of containment-1947
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-Definition:G. Keman-Mr. X article
-Implementation 1947-50 (Truman doctrine, Marshall Plan)=containing Commuos, by helping Countries rebuild, economic success helps countries rebuild, helped non-communist countries rebuild in the way we wanted them to - Berlin Blockade and US airlift-1948-49 -NATO (1949), military alliance |
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Concerning the Cold War, what were the implications for US's role in world affairs?
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- Assumption of global leadership
- Acceptance of multilateralism -Policeman of the world? |
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What were the four postwar "Booms" (1945-1965)?
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1. Economic Boom
2. Baby Boom 3. Education Boom 4. Youth Boom |
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Describe the Economic postwar Boom
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-Prolonged Economic Boom
-Key industries -America's growing "discretionary income" -Explosion of the new consumer goods-TV! |
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Describe the postwar Baby Boom.
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1946-1955
Baby Boom= cause and effect of prosperity Changes in American Family |
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Describe the postwar Education Boom.
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Impact of GI bill
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Describe the postwar Youth Boom
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Creation of Youth Sub-culture
Teenagers as consumers |
