Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Principles of Geology
|
The book that Charles Lyell wrote that gave the ideas for Darwin
|
|
|
uniformity of law
|
assume that the laws of physics and chemistry have not changed throughout the earth's history
|
|
|
uniformity of process
|
geological processes are the same throughout time
|
|
|
gradualism
|
geological changes occur in small increments and accumulate through times to produce large changes
|
|
|
nondirectionalism
|
dynamic steady state
|
|
|
Uniformitarianisms 4 precepts
|
uniformity of law
uniformity of process gradualism nondirectionalism |
|
|
Alvarez's theory of impact crisis
|
A big meteor hit the world and modified the environment all of a sudden. Mass extinction
|
|
|
Huxley
|
Darwin's arguer
|
|
|
hypothetical deductionism
|
try to find mistakes in a theory and correct them to bring closer to truth
|
|
|
potentially falsifiable
|
to determine if a theory is good, determine how many parts have possible disproofs
|
|
|
Evolution as such
|
the biological world is neither constant, nor forever cycling.
It is directionally changing |
|
|
What evolves?
|
A population, not an organism
|
|
|
Common descent
|
all plants and animals have descended from 1 form
|
|
|
Evolutionary lineages
|
a series of ancestor descendant populations through time
|
|
|
The 4 possible events of lineage
|
persist without change
persist with change branch, or bifurcate go extinct |
|
|
Divergence of character
|
seperate lineages that accumulate differences from common ancestors and each other
|
|
|
Phylogeny
|
structure of evolutionary history taking form of braching tree of evolutionary lineages
|
|
|
Ernst Haeckel's idea
|
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
|
|
|
Ontogeny
|
development of organism from egg to adult to end of life
|
|
|
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
|
development repeats adult stages of ancestral forms. (Gills in mammals)
|
|
|
Notochord
|
defining characteristic of chordates
required for early induction of nervous system. a mutation is lethal |
|
|
ampioxous
|
small group that uses notochord as support structure as adult
|
|
|
Terminal addition
|
Henkel says that major features of anatomy newly acquired in adulthood are passed genetically - not true
|
|
|
condensation
|
Henkel said as new features are added, older features are condensed into shorter developmental forms - not true
|
|
|
Caenogenesis
|
evolution of new characters restricted to pre-adult stages
|
|
|
heterochrony
|
evolutionary change in developmental rates and timing.
|
|
|
heterotropy
|
evolutionary change of physical location of developmental processes
|
|
|
HOMOLOGY
|
Owen - the same organ in different organisms under every variety of form and function
|
|
|
Phylogeny from homology
|
-nested hierarchy of groups within groups. compare monkeys
|
|
|
monphylytic group
|
a group of 2 or more species/lineages that include the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all members of the group and ALL of its descendants
|
|
|
Clade
|
monophylitic group
|
|
|
Synapomorphy
|
shared derived character (ancestor lacks it)
|
|
|
In group
|
the group currently being studied
|
|
|
outgroup
|
a close relative to the ingroup but outside the study group
|
|
|
Steps to test for similarities in homologous DNA strands
|
1. PCR
2. Alignment 3. Which sites show variation with ingroup 4. Compare outgroup to ingroup. If ingroup shares something with outgroup, the remaining is derived, and the other is ancestral. If 2 have the same, closer than other |
|
|
Parsimony
|
Our best hypothesis is the one with the least number of evolutionary changes
|
|
|
Homoplasy
|
character similarity that does not represent common ancestry
|
|
|
parallelism
|
same evolutionary change occurs on two different lines. The lineages diverge from the ancestor but not from eachother.
|
|
|
reversal
|
evolutionary return to a character formerly changed or lost
|
|
|
convergence
|
origin of superficially similar features by dissimilar evolutionary processes
|
|
|
Maximum Likelihood
|
a model of DNA evolution that puts weight on slowly evolving parts as opposed to rapid. Weight is placed on least likely DNA substitutions
|
|
|
Distance Matrix Methods
|
Model meant for setting preliminary methods. See if there is a structure to data. Analyze a matrix of distances. Not so accurate but quick.
|
|
|
endosymbiosis
|
where one organisms is taken up by another for overall symbiosis. Origins of mitochondria and plant chloroplasts. Most euks have mitochondria
|
|
|
Multiplication of Species/allopatric speciation
|
Another of Darwin's ideas. The geographic splitting of a population followed by evolutionary divergence of the seperate parts.
|
|
|
Biological Species Concept
|
A reproduction of community of populations reproductively isolated from others that adopts a specific niche in nature.
|
|
|
niche
|
set of resources actually or potentially used by a population
|
|
|
reproductive barriers
|
anything that inhibits interspecies fertility
|
|
|
Examples of reproductive barriers: Prezygotic
|
Temperal - seasonal mating
ecological - favor particular habitats behavioral-courtship rituals mechanical-genital structure gametic - change in chemical composition of fertilization |
|
|
Examples of reproductive barriers: Post zygotic
|
hybrid inviability - devlopment fails after zygote forms
hybrid sterility - viable individual produced but cannot create fertile gametes hybrid breakdown - when bred from hybrid, other phenotypes seen |
|
|
reinforcement
|
whether selection on hybrids with post zygotic isolation leads to prezygotic isolation
|
|
|
Problems with Biological species concept
|
1) only applies to sexual forms (controversiol)
2) no temporal dimension - does not speak to those who see species as lineages through time 3) not a single unit of evolution. Some can breed even if different phenotypes 4)not practically testable |
|
|
Phylogenic species concept
|
-lineage of ancestor-descendant populations DIAGNOSABLY distinct from other such lineages
|
|
|
sources of allopatry
|
vicariance
founder event |
|
|
vicariance
|
subdividing a formerly continuous habitat
|
|
|
-founder event
|
a rare dispersal across a pre-existing barrier.
|
|
|
Natural selection
|
variation produced by random with respect to an organism's needs
|
|
|
Progressive adaptation
|
constant improving of life forms over time.
|
|
|
Algorithmic nature of selection requirements natural selection
|
need a population
heredity variation association fo variation with ability to reproduce |
|
|
Adaptation
|
a trait that evolved bynatural selection for a particular role
|
|
|
exaptation
|
trait adopted by natural selection for a role incidental to the traits origin
|
|
|
Abstraction and simplification
|
identify what is essential and remove distracting elements
|
|
|
Why is there no single best model?
|
balance between reality generality and high precision
|
|
|
3 main abstractions and simplifications of DNA properties
|
1) DNA can replicate
2)DNA can mutate and recombine 3) DNA encodes information that interacts with the environment to influence phenotypes |
|
|
identity by descent
|
replication without mutation
|
|
|
coalescence
|
go back far enough to find common ancestral form of DNA. That point.
|
|
|
Gene tree
|
all copies of homologous DNA trace to common ancestral molecule (not population lineages)
|
|
|
haplotypes
|
a set of identical haploid genomes for a specified unit of measurement
|
|
|
Darwin according to myer
|
1)Evolution as such
2) gradualism 3) natural selection 4) common descent 5) multiplication of species |
