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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many gods/goddesses?
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330 million
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Misconceptions - statements that are not true
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1 is weird
2 is passive 3 supports a fantasy (no rational theology) 4 is pessimistic (b/c acknowledge evil). |
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Relgious Rationalization and Intellectual analysis is...
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very sophisticated form.
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Ultimate Consciousness
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goes beyond ordinary states
beyond ordinary perception revealed truth cannot controdict itself |
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Pessimism or Reality?
Acknowledges the presence of moral and physical evils |
aims beyond logic
philosophy seeks a remedy for the "ills of life" through release |
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Moksha (goal)
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supreme aspiration of Indian philosophy
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Indian Psychology...
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not observation or objects of thought; Goal is super-consciousness in the thinking self
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Ethics deal with...
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Outer life (others)
Inner life (self) |
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Indian philosophy...
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living an ethical life is important;
seek to rise above ethical and moral codes; WAY OF LIFE - to prevent yourself from doing what you know is wrong |
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Moksha (definition)
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ULTIMATE GOAL - liberation from continuous rebirth
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Samsara (def)
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Belief in cycle of rebirths
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What is the Hindu end of Samsara?
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Moksha
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Atman (def)
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ETERNAL SOUL...it wanders about
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Karma (def)
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Your actions in this life affect what you come back as in the next life.
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What forms can you be reborn in?
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divinity, titan, human, ghost, animal, hell, etc.
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Liberation comes through...
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Moksha - this is not heaven.
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Things that occur in Moksha:
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absense of all ignorance;
atman is united with god (ultimate reality); |
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When can you attain Moksha?
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during one's life OR at moment of death
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No ego trip when attain Moksha which means...
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selfishness and desires are gone
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Hinduism was originally called...
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refers to religion born in South Asia; original was Sindhus from Sanskrit
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How many ppl practice Hinduism today?
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800 Million
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Esposito says. " ______ is the heart of Hinduism.
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India
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What other countries have followers?
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Nepal is only other Hindu state;
Pakistan and Bangladesh have followers |
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How many in North America practice Hinduism?
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over 1 million
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t or f - Hinuism may seem paradoxical
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true
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Why paradoxical??
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One God...but 330 million dieties
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Brahman (def)
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god - Ultimate reality - everywhere
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Story of Ancient Hinduism... pt 1 (who invaded & what did they bring)
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*Aryans (Indo-European)invaders; Invaded Indus river valley in 1700 BC,
*Were crude, but brought language and texts |
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Story of Ancient Hinduism pt 2 (Sanskrit)
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believed to be of divine origin language
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What are Vedas?
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ancient texts - recorded in Sanskrit between 1500 & 500 BC
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What does Veda mean?
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knowledge
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4 vedas contain...
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praises, prayers, hymns,
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Hindus believe Vedas are...
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divine and exsisted before creation.
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Early Vedic religion was linked to...
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Fire sacrifices
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Brahmins (def)
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Vedic priests who offered fire sacrifices
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Tapas (def)
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heat - central principle
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Many vedic male gods worshiped...ex.
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Varuna, Indra, Agni
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3 kinds of vedic gods
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1- celestial (plants)
2- terrestrial (earth) 3- atmospheric (thunder) |
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Rig veda/Big veda
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central text represented development and order of many gods over centuries
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Development of gods in Rig Veda - progression of thought
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1) naturalistic polytheism (many gods in human form)
2) to monotheism (varuna - chief god) 3) monism - god is abstract principle |
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Hindu History: (600s BC)
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monism
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Hindu History: (800s BC)
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wisdom and knowledge are important
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Hindu History: goal became
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escape from ignorance and desire towards Brahman
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Asceticism was introduced to culture
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living life of monk - disciplined life without luxery
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The Upanishads
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LAST GROUP OF VEDIC TEXTS;
sit up close to the feet - represents change in religious philosophy |
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Upanishads (concepts)
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*self is free of body
*philosophy represents investigation of self and relationship b/w the ATMAN and BRAHMAN |
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Upanishads (goal)
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become one with Brahman
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After 500s; Karma, samsara, moksha are first discussed in ...
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Upansihads
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ATMAN (def)
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ego, the conscious (soul)
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BRAHMAN (def)
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ultimate reality, undescribable
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Social Castes (list)
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1 - priests
2 - warriors 3 - merchants 4 - servants 5 - untouchables |
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Which 3 social castes are considered priveledged? Considered twice born or born again...had access to Vedas
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priests, warriors, merchants
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SC - Priests (def)
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spiritaul and intellictual leaders, taught, studied, sacrificed
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SC - Warriors (def)
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govt, politics, rulers, nobles
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SC - Merchants (def)
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for economic health
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SC - Servants (def)
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supplied manual labor
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SC - Untouchables (def)
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'throwaways'
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Why do Hindu people not object the social caste philosophy?
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Samsara - wait your turn...live a good life and maybe karma will give you a higher rank next life.
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Esposito: T or F - hindu law does not technically view all humans as equal
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True
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Individual freedom is sacrificed for harmony...
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quote
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Four stages of life (list): applied to males in top 3 social castes
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1 - student
2 - house-holder marriage; proper living 3 - forest dweller 4 - ascetic |
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Stage OL 1 - Student
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age 8, rigorous training with teacher, lasts for many years, no pleasures, live like monk until understand everything and are old enough to marry
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Stage OL 2 - House-holder, marriage
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proper living, responsibilites include: 1)religious, 2) accumulating wealth, 3) pleasure (okay to enjoy activities).
attend to parents needs and tend to guests with respect... GIVE BACK |
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Stage OL 3 - Forest dweller
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"go gray, run away" - or first grandchild; go to forest and study (middle-age) REFLEcTION AND MEDITATION
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Stage OL 4 - Ascetic
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when ready...go off alone & devote yourself to religious study (no longer attached to material world) Harmony w/religious study is all that matters!
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DHARMA (def)
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what men ought to do...why? because ones destiny is dependent on actions (karma) that one performs
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Wisdom involves _____ not _____
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action, passivity
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Four aims of life (list)
Hindu acknowlege that ppl are different.. |
1 - Dharma
2 - Artha 3 - Kama 4 - Moksha |
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4aims OL - 1 - Dharma
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doing what is appropriate for your caste and social level
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4aims OL - 2 - Artha
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material stuff - good to have stuff but not to obsess
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4aims OL - 3 - Kama
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PASSION - for sex, life, career
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4aims OL - 4 - Moksha
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begotten by wisdom and action - liberation from Samsara
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3 Paths to Moksha (list)
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1 - wisdom meditation (Yoga)
2 - Karma 3 - Bhakti |
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Wisdom Meditation (path to moksha)
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focus self to higher level of consciousness; attempt to unify and focus..for purpose of realizing, true spiritual essense)
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Yoga is ancient and it helps to...
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burn up bad karma; bridges gap between atman and brahman;
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Yoga leads your self to be...
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free from body - at one with brahman.
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Moksha is reached (during Yoga) when...
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past karma is gone.
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Can isolate different aspects of the person into stages...
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1) Lord, 2) Self, 3) Nature
Final Stage) Separation |
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Most Hindus do not focus on wisdom meditation - instead on other paths (karma)
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Karma - managing karma through proper ethical action (keep religious duties and laws)
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Most Hindus do not focus on wisdom meditation - instead on other paths (bhakti)
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devotion - communion - or sharing
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Bhagarad Gita
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one of holiest books in hindu tradtion (originating text for Bhakti);
more theistic book written in 200BC |
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Ghandi said Bhagarad Gita
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called text his spiritual mother;
book emphasized religious duty and importance of god Krishna |
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Bhakti goal
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salvation through devotion: devotion to Krishna in order to be released from samsara - Krishna absorbs your karma.
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Trimuti (three forms)
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very old
1) Brahma - creator 2) Shiva - destroyer 3) Vishnu - preserver |
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Shiva is ____
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most popular and is multifaceted. dancing and reproduction
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One form - 3 faces
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Trimuti; one supreme being is 'divided up' into many functions
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Most popular god Ganesh -
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remover of obstacles
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Hindu Cosmology (many cycles of creation)
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one day may be 4,320 million earth years
CYCLE=311,040,000yrs |
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Is there an end to the world and cycles?
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world destruction, decay, turmoil; no final judgements; absorbed into Vishnu
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Hindu Worship - cows
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reincarnations of deities b/c life givers
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Do hindu have community prayers?
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no, temples are important, but no congreagational prayer. priests offer sacrifices
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marks on women's foreheads...
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status, sect, etc.
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Puja (Hindu worship) is mostly done where?
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in home shrines
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Lighting of lamps, offerings, prayers are ways to worship how frequently
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daily
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Dietary regulations because...
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some things represent qualities of nature ex) garlic = passion, milk = spiritual inclination
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Hindu Festivals - when and for what?
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occur almost every month - birthdays of deities,
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How is time dictated??
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Lunar calendar
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Vedic initiation around age 10 for boys
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birth rituals start during pregnancy
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Diwali (Divali)
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most well known Hindu festival; FESTIVAL OF LIGHTS
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Diwali - how long and derived b/c...
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celebrated around 4 days; harvest of India, worship of Ganesh, marriage of Vishnu
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Light of Diwali -
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represents goods triumph over evil; light also represents good works/deeds
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Roles of Women could be called...
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contradictory (paradoxical) in Hindu literature
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servant vs. ____ , harlot vs. ____
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goddess, saint
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During Vedic era - women ____
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wrote hymns, engaged in philosophical debates
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Woman must ______ to husbands
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be faithful and serve
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Shakti (all power)....
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comes from women b/c of birth
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Adulteresses have lowest reputation...
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samsara will reflect this b/c reborn as jackal
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who are considered bad omens?
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widows - some would kill themselves when husbands died...now is banned but still happens
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T or F Hindu women have attained high status
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True - leaders, ascetics, teachers, religious leaders
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Tij
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hindu festival for women in rememberance of Parvati (who wanted to marry Shiva);
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During Tij...women
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single women hope for husbands; married women hope for long life.
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What do women do during Tij?
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sing devotional songs, dance to secure blessings, and fast
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