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668 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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combining form: brain
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encephal/o
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combining form: spinal cord
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myel/o
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combining form: nerves
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neur/i, neur/o
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peripheral nervous system
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12 pairs/ cranial nerves extending from the brain & 31 pairs/ spinal nerves
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nerve
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one or more bundles of neurons (impulse carrying fibers)
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tract
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a bundle or group of nerve fibers located w/in the brain & spinal cord
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ascending tracts
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carry nerve impulses toward brain
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descending tracts
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carry nerve impulses away from brain
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plexus
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a network of intersecting nerves
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impulse
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wave of excitation transmitted thru nerve fibers and neurons
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afferent neurons (=)
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=sensory neurons: emerge from skin or sense organs and carry impulses toward brain
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connecting neurons (=)
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=associative neurons: carry impulses from one neuron to another
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efferent neurons (=)
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=motor neurons: carry impulses away from brain toward muscles and glands
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terminal end fibers
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branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nerveous impulse from the axon to the synapse
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synapse
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space b/t 2 neurons or b/t neuron and receptor organ
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neurotransmitter
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chemical subst. that makes it possible for messages to be transmitted by crossing the synapse from a neuron to the target receptor
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glial cells (=)
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=neuroglia: star-shaped supportive and connective cells of the nervous system
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myelin sheath
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white protective covering that is made up of glial cells and covers some parts of the spinal cord, white matter of the brain, and most peripheral nerves
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acetylcholine
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released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; influences muscle action
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dopamine
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released w/in brain; ?mood & thought disorders and abnormal movement disorders (Parkinson's disease)
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endorphins
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natually occurring substances produced by the brain that are released to help relieve pain
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norepinephrine
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released at synaptic nerve endings; responds to hypotension and physical stress
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serotonin
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released in the brain; has roles in sleep, hunger, pleasure recognition, and sometimes linked to mood disorders
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white matter
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portion of nerve fibers that have a myelin sheath
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gray matter
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does not have myelin sheath
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meninges
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3 layers of connective tissue membrane that enclose the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater)
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dura mater
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thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges
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epidural space
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located above the dura mater and w/in the surrounding walls of bone
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-dural
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pertaining to dura mater
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subdural space
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located b/t dura membrane and arachnoid membrane
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arachnoid membrane
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2nd layer of the meninges surrounding the brain & spinal cord
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subarachnoid space
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located below arachnoid membrane and above pia mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid
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pia mater
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3rd layer of meninges, located nearest to the brain and spinal cord
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CSF
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cerebrospinal fluid: produced by special capillaries w/in the ventricles of the brain. Is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows throughout brain and around spinal cord
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cerebrum
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largest and uppermost portion of the brain. Responsible for all thought, judgment, memory, and emotion, as well as for controlling and integrating motor and sensory functions
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cerebral cortex
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gray matter: outer layer of cerebrum; arranged in deep folds (fissures)
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corpus callosum
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the 2 cerebral hemispheres are connected at the lower midpoint
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frontal lobe (of cerebrum)
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controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior
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parietal lobe (of cerebrum)
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receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles
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occipital lobe
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controls eyesight
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temporal lobe
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controls the senses of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information
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thalamus
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below cerebrum; produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body
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hypothalamus
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below thalamus; controls vital body functions
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cerebellum
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the second largest part of the brain; produce smooth coordinated movements, maintain equilibrium, and sustain normal postures
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brainstem
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the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres w/ the spinal cord. Made of 3 parts: midbrain, pons, & medulla
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midbrain & pons
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provide conduction pathways to and from higher & lower centers in the brain
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medulla
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=medulla oblongata: at lowest part of brainstem; controls basic life functions (muscles of respiration, heart rate, & blood pressure)
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# cranial nerves
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12 pairs
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# spinal nerves
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31 pairs
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autonomic nervous system
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controls involuntary actions of the body (divided into symp. & parasym nervous systems
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sympathetic nervous system
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prepares body for emergencies & stress by increasing breathing rate, heart rate & blood flow to muscles
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parasympathetic nervous system
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returns the body to normal after a response to stress; also maintains normal body functions during ordinary circumstances
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anesthesiologist
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physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery
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esthesi
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feeling
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anesthetist
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person trained in administering anesthesia but who is not necessarily a physician
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neurologist
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specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system
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neurosurgeon
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physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system
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psych
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mind
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psychiatrist
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holds a Medical Doctor (MD) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness
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psychologist
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holds an advanced degree other than a medical degree, and specializes in evaluating and treating emotional problems and mental illness
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cephalalgia (=)
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=headache: pain in the head
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migraine headaches
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a headache syndrome characterized by sudden, throbbing, sharp pain that is usually more severe on one side of the head; pain is often accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light or sound
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cluster headaches
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characterized by concentrated pain on one side of the head; less common than migraines, but more painful, and often occur one or more times daily for weeks or months
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encephalocele (=)
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=craniocele: congenital herniation of brain substance through a gap in the skull
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meningocele
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congenital herniation of the meninges thru a defect in the skull or spinal column
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hydrocephalus
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a condition in which there is an abnormally increased amount of CSF within the ventricles of the brain
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meningitis
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an inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord
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Alzheimer’s disease
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a group of disorders associated with degenerative changes in the brain structure that lead to symptoms including progressive memory loss, impaired cognition, and personality changes
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cognition
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the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory
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encephalitis
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an inflammation of the brain
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Reye’s syndrome
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often fatal, affects all organs of the body but is most harmful to the brain and liver; has been linked to giving aspirin to children suffering from viral infections
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Parkinson’s disease
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a chronic, degenerative CNS disorder in which there is a gradually progressive loss of control over movement resulting from inadequate levels of the chemical dopamine in the brain. Characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait
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Tetanus (=)
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=lockjaw: an acute and potentially fatal infection of the CNS caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria (acquired thru deep wound).
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amnesia
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a memory disturbance marked by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences that can be caused by a brain injury, illness, or psychological disturbance.
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concuss
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shaken together
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-ion
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condition or state of
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concussion
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a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain
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contus
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bruise
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cerebral contusion
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the bruising of brain tissue as a result of a head injury, sometimes causes swelling of the brain
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cranial hematoma
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a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
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conscious (=)
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=alert: being awake, aware, and responding appropriately
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unconscious
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a state of being unaware, with the inability to respond to normal stimuli
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syncope (=)
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=fainting: the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain
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lethargy
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a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy
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stupor
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a state of impaired awareness in which the mind and senses are dulled to environmental stimuli
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coma
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a profound (deep) state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and no vocalization
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persistent vegetative state
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a type of coma in which the patient exhibits a cyclic state of alternating sleep and wake cycles; unconscious even when appearing to be awake
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delirium
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a potentially reversible condition that comes on suddenly and is often associated w/ a high fever, intoxication, or shock
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dementia
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a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities including memory, thinking, and judgement, often accompanied by personality changes
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AIDS dementia complex
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a degenerative neurological condition that is the most common CNS complication of the HIV infection
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brain tumor
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an abnormal growth within the brain that may be either benign or malignant (both can be life threatening)
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cerebrovascular accident (=)
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=stroke: damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel supplying it is either blocked or has ruptured
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ischemic strokes
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most common type of stroke in older people; occur when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked
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transient ischemic attack (abbrev.)
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T-I-A: the temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain (transient: passing quickly)
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-phasia
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speech
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aphasia
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the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word
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hemorrhagic stroke (=)
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=a bleed: occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures
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somn
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sleep
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insomnia
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the prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep
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narc/o
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stupor
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-lepsy
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seizure
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narcolepsy
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a sleep disorder consisting of recurring episodes of falling asleep during the day
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ambul
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to walk
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somnambulism (=)
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=noctambulism or sleepwalking: condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening
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somnolence
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a condition of unnatural sleepiness or semiconsciousness approaching coma
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myelitis
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an inflammation of the spinal cord
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myelosis
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a tumor of the spinal cord
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poliomyelitis (=)
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=polio: a highly contagious viral infection that in its acute form can inflame the spinal cord and brainstem, sometimes resulting in paralysis
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radicul
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root or nerve root
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radiculitis (=)
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=pinched nerve: an inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve
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cervical radiculopathy
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nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region
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lumbar
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inward curvature of the spine
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lumbar radiculopathy
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nerve pain in the lower back that may be caused by muscle spasms or by nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk
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multiple sclerosis
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a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by scattered patches of demyelination of nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord. Repeated episodes of nerve inflammation disrupt the transmission of nerve impulses and cause symptoms that may include loss of balance, fatigue, paralysis, and speech disturbances
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (=)
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=Lou Gehrig’s disease: a degenerative disease of the motor nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord in which patients become progressively weaker until they are completely paralyzed. Intellect, eye motion, bladder function, and sensations are spared.
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Bell’s palsy
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the temporary paralysis of the 7th cranial nerve, causes drooping only on the affected side of the face; also include pain, tearing, drooling, hypersensitivity to sound in the affected ear, and impairment of taste.
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Guillain-Barre syndrome (=)
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=infectious polyneuritis: an inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis.
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Sciatica
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inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of this nerve through the thigh and leg
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Tic douloureux (=)
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=trigeminal neuralgia: an inflammation of the 5th cranial nerve; characterized by sudden, intense, brief attacks of sharp pain on one side of the face and affecting the lips, gum, or cheek.
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cerebral palsy
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a condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum. Occurs most often in premature or low-birthweight infants and is usually caused by an injury that occurs during pregnancy, birth, or soon after birth
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epilepsy
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a group of neurologic disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures; may be caused by extreme high fever, brain injury, or brain lesions
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Grand mal epilepsy
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(more severe form of epilepsy) characterized by generalized seizures
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Petit mal epilepsy (=)
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=absence epilepsy: milder form: characterized by frequent but partial seizures
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caus
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burning
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causalgia
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persistent severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve
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complex regional pain syndrome (=)
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=reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: a form of causalgia caused by either an identifiable injury to a sensory nerve or an injury to a part of the body such as arms or legs (injured nerves do not follow the usual healing path
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hyperesthesia
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condition of excessive sensitivity to stimuli
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par-
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abnormal
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paresthesia
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abnormal sensation, such as burning or prickling, in the extremities that may be caused by a wide range of neurological diseases or nerve damage
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peripheral neuropathy (=)
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=peripheral neuritis: a painful condition of the nerves of the hands and feet due to damage to the peripheral nerves
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facilitate the examination of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord
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magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography
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carotid ultrasonography
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an ultrasound study of the carotid artery; performed to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke
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ech/o
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sound
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echoencephalography
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the use of ultrasound imaging to diagnose a shift in the midline structures of the brain
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electroencephalography
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the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp
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myelography
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a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium thru a lumbar puncture
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lumbar punture (=)
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=spinal tap: sampling of cerebrospinal fluid obtained by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region.
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transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation
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(TENS): method of pain control by the application of electronic impulses to the nerve endings thru the skin
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cutane
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skin
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analgesic
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a medication that relieves pain without affecting consciousness
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nonnarcotic analgesics
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used for mild to moderate pain (ex: aspirin)
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narcotic analgesics
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used to relieve severe pain; may cause physical dependence or addiction (ex: morphine, Demerol, codeine)
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sedative
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depresses the CNS to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep
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hypnotic
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depresses the CNS and usually produces sleep
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barbiturates
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a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the CNS
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amobarbital
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a barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic
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phenobarbital
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a barbiturate used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant
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anticonvulsant
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prevents seizures and convulsions
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anesthesia
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the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic
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anesthetic
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the medication used to induce anesthesia; may be topical, local, regional, or general
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epidural anesthesia
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regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine
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electroconvulsive therapy (=)
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=electroshock therapy: a controlled convulsion produced by the passage of an electric current thru the brain; used primarily in treatment of depression and mental disorders that do not respond to other forms of therapy
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lobectomy
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surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication
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thalamotomy
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surgical incision into the thalamus; destroys brain cells, performed to quiet the tremors of Parkinson's disease, etc.
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mental retardation
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general intellectual functioning that is significantly below average and accompanied by a significant limitation in adaptive functioning
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autistic disorders (=)
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=autism: a group of conditions in which a young child cannot develop normal social relationships, compulsively follows repetitive routines, and frequently has poor communication skills
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attention deficit disorder
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(ADD): characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior inappropriate for the child's developmental age
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dyslexia (=)
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=developmental reading disorder: a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols.
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substance abuse
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the addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs
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alcoholism
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chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal
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delirium tremens
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an acute organic brain syndrome due to alcohol withdrawal that is characterized by sweating, tremor, restlessness, anxiety, mental confusion, and hallucinations
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psychotic disorder
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characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning
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schizophrenia
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a psychotic disorder characterized by two or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, and/or negative symptoms
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delusion
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false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary
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hallucination
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a sense perception (sight, tough, sound, smell, or taste) that has no basis in external stimulation
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catatonic behavior
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marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture
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dissociative disorders
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occur when normal thought is separated from consciousness
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depression
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common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as a loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities
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bipolar disorders
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characterized by the occurence of manic or hypomanic episodes sometimes alternating with depressive episodes
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dysthymia (=)
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=dysthymic disorder: a chronic depression present at least 50% of the time for more than 2 yrs.
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thym
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mind
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anxiety disorders
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characterized by anxiety or fear out of proportion to the real danger in a situation
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generalized anxiety disorder
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characterized by persistent, intrusive, excessive worry about multiple topics that is difficult to control, causes significant distress or impairment in functioning, and is associated with specific symptoms, such as muscle tension, sleep disturbance, and restlessness
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions that are recurrent, persistent, and excessive
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posttraumatic stress disorder
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the development of characteristic symptoms after a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the patient or someone else, during which the patient felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror
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panic disorder
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characterized by having more than one panic attack, resulting in persistent fear of the attacks
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phobia
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a persistent irrational fear of a specific thing or situation strong enough to cause significant distress and/or interfere with functioning
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-phobia
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abnormal fear
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acr/o
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top
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acrophobia
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an excessive fear of being in high places
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agor/a
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market place
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agoraphobia
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an excessive fear of situations in which having a panic attack seems likely and/or dangerous or embarrassing
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claustr/o
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barrier
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claustrophobia
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an abnormal fear of being in narrow or enclosed spaces
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somatoform disorders
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characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one's body which are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease. The person is not delusional, is truly distressed, and is not deliberately causing the symptoms
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somatization disorder
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characterized by years of physical complaints of many types that are not explained by a medical condition
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conversion disorder
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characterized by a serious temporary or ongoing change in funtion, such as paralysis or blindness, triggered by psychological factors rather than any physical cause
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hypochondriasis
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characterized by misinterpretation of physical symptoms and fearing that one has a serious illness despite appropriate medical evaluation and reassurance.
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-mania
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madness
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klept/o
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to steal
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kleptomania
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a disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value
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pyromania
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a disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting
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trichotill/o
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related to hair
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trichotillomania
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a disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one's hair resulting in noticeable hair loss
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personality disorders
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a chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work; this pattern is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment
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factitious disorder
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a condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick (most are attempts to receive attention and sympathy)
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factitious disorder by proxy
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falsify an illness in a child (form of child abuse)
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malingering
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characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms, motivated by external incentives, such as avoiding work
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psychotropic drugs
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capable of affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior and are used in the treatment of mental illness.
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anxiolytic drugs (=)
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=antianxiety drugs or tranquilizers: administered to temporarily suppress anxiety
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stimulants
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work by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain, thus increasing concentration and wakefulness.
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antipsychotic drugs
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administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood
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mood stabilizing drugs
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(lithium and valproic acid: anticonvulsant); used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (abbrev.)
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(S-S-R-I): thought to work by reducing the re-entry of serotonin into nerve cells, thus allowing serotonin to build up in the nerve synapse
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tricyclic antidepressants
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named for their chemical structure, used to treat depression
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psychoanalysis
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based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one's feelings and patterns of behavior
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behavioral therapy
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focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes
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cognitive therapy
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focuses on changing cognitions or thoughts that are affecting a person's emotions and actions. These are identified and then are challenged thru logic, gathering evidence, and/or testing in action.
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hypnotherapy
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the use of hypnosis to produce a relaxed state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions
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CVA
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cerebrovascular accident
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CT
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computerized tomography
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DTs
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delirium tremens
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ECT
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electroconvulsive therapy
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EEG
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electroencephalography
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GAD
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generalized anxiety disorder
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LOC
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level of consciousness
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MR
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mental retardation
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MS
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multiple sclerosis
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OCD
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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PD
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Parkinson's disease
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PNS
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parasympathetic nervous system, peripheral nervous system
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PTSD
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posttraumatic stress disorder
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SAD
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seasonal affective disorder
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SSRI
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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TENS
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transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation
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TIA
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transient ischemic attack
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combining forms for: eyes (and vision)
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opt/i, opt/o, optic/o, ophthalm/o
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combining forms for lacrimal apparatus
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dacryocyst/o, lacrim/o
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combining forms for iris
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ir/i, ir/o, irid/o, irit/o
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combining forms for lens
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phac/o, phak/o
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combining forms for retina
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retin/o
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combining forms for ears (hearing and sound)
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acous/o, acoust/o, audi/o, audit/o, ot/o
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combining forms for outer ear
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pinn/i
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combining forms for middle ear
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myring/o, tympan/o
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combining forms for inner ear
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labyrinth/o
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ocul
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eye
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extraocular
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outside the eyeball
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intraocular
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within the eyeball
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opt
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sight
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optic
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pertaining to the eye or sight
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adnexa (=)
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=adnexa oculi: the structures outside the eyeball: the orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus
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orbit (=)
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=eye socket: bony cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
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OD
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right eye
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OS
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left eye
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OU
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each eye (or both eyes)
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canthus
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the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet
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inner canthus
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where the eyelids meet nearest the nose
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epicanthus
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a vertical fold of skin on either side of the nose
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tarsus (=)
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=tarsal plate: the platelike framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provides stiffness and shape
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cilia=?
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=eyelashes
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conjunctiva
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the transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball
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lacrimal apparatus (=)
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=tear apparatus: consists of the structures that produce, store, and remove tears
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lacrimal glands
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located above the outer corner of each eye; secrete lacrimal fluid
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lacrimal fluid
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tears
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lacrimal canal
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made up of 2 ducts at the inner corner of each eye; these ducts collect tears and empty them into the lacrimal sacs
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lacrimal sac (=)
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=tear sac: an enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct
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lacrimal duct (=)
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=nasolacrimal duct: the passageway that drains excess tears into the nose
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lacrimation
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the secretion of tears, especially in excess
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globe (=)
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=eyeball: one-inch sphere with only about 1/6 of its surface showing on the outside
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sclera (=)
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=white of the eye: the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer layer of the eye, except for the part covered by the cornea
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cornea
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the transparent outer surface of the eye covering the iris and pupil; it is the primary structure focusing light rays entering the eye
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uveal tract (=)
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=uvea: the vascular layer of the eye; the iris is in the front of it, and behind it are the choroid and the ciliary body
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iris
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the pigmented (colored) muscular layer that surrounds the pupil
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pupil
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the black circular opening in the center of the iris that permits light to enter the eye
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lens (=)
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=crystalline lens: the clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina
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choroid (=)
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=choroid coat: the opaque middle layer of the eyeball that contains many blood vessels and provides the blood supply for the entire eye
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ciliary body
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located w/in the choroid; is a set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina
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retina
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the sensitive innermost layer that lines the posterior segment of the eye
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macula (=)
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=macula lutea: a clearly defined yellow area in the center of the retina; this is the area of sharpest central vision
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macula means...?
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spot
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lutea =?
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yellow
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fovea centralis
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a pit in the middle of the macula; color vision is best in this area b/c it contains a high conc. of cones but no rods
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optic disk (=)
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=blind spot: a small region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina enter the optic nerve; contains no rods or cones
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2nd cranial nerve (=)
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=optic nerve: transmits the nerve impulses from the retina to the brain
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anterior segment
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the front 1/3 of the eyeball; is divided into ant. & post. chambers
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anterior chamber
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located behind the cornea and in front of the iris
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posterior chamber
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located behind the iris and in front of the ligaments holding the lens in place
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aqueous fluid (=)
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=aqueous humor: helps the eye maintain its shape and nourishes the intraocular structures; constantly filtered and drained thru the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm
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intraocular pressure (abbrev.) & =
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IOP: regulated by constant drainage of aqueous fluid
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posterior segment
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posterior 2/3 of the eyeball; lined with the retina and its related structures
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vitreous humor (=)
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=vitreous gel: the soft, clear, jellylike mass that fills this segment to aid the eye in maintaining its shape
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accommodation
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the process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances; includes constriction & dilation of pupil, movement of the eyes, and changes in the shape of the lens
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convergence
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the simultaneous inward movement of the eyes toward each other in an effort to maintain single binocular vision as an object comes nearer
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emmetropia
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the normal relationship b/t the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina
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emmetr
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in proper measure
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-opia
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vision condition
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refraction
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the ability of the lens to bend light rays to help them focus on the retina
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visual acuity
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the ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distance
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Snellen chart
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used to measure visual acuity
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first number
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indicates the distance from the chart, which is always standardized at 20 feet
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second number
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indicates the deviation from the norm based on the ability to read progressively smaller lines of letters on the chart
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ophthalmologist
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holds an MD degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the eyes and vision
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optometrist
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holds a Doctor of Optometry degree and specializes in measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses are needed
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-metrist
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one who measures
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blephar/o
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eyelid
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blepharoptosis
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drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis
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ec-
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out
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trop
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turn
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ectropion
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the eversion (turning outward) of the edge of an eyelid
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entropion
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the inversion (turning inward) of the edge of an eyelid
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hordeolum (=)
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=stye: a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland
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chalazion (=)
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=internal stye: a localized swelling inside the eyelid resulting from obstruction of one of the sebaceous glands
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conjunctivitis (=)
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=pinkeye: an inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually caused by an infection or allergy
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subconjuctival hemorrhage
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bleeding b/t the conjunctiva and sclera
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xerophthalmia (=)
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=dry eye: drying of eye surfaces; may be due to disease or to a lack of vitamin A in the diet
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keratitis
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an inflammation of the cornea
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kerat
|
cornea
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these also mean “hard”
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kerat/o & scler/o
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corneal abrasion
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an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea
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corneal ulcer
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a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury
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pterygium
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a noncancerous growth that develops on the cornea and can grow large enough to distort vision
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ir
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iris
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synechia
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an adhesion that binds the iris to an adjacent structure such as the lens or cornea
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anis/o
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unequal
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cor
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pupil
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anisocoria
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a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size
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cataract
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the loss of transparency of the lens
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floaters (=)
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=vitreous floaters: particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous fluid and cast shadows on the retina
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nystagmus
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an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball
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papilledema (=)
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=choked disk: swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye thru the optic disk
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pappill
|
nipple-like
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detached retina (=)
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=retinal detachment: the retina is pulled away from its normal position of being attached to the choroids in the back of the eye
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uve
|
uveal tract
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uveitis
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an inflammation anywhere in the uveal tract
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glaucoma
|
a group of diseases char’d by increased intraocular pressure, resulting in damage to the retinal nerve fibers and the optic nerve
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macular degeneration (=)
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=age-related degeneration: a gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision but not in total blindness
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dipl
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double
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diplopia (=)
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=double vision: the perception of 2 images of a single object
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hemianopia
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blindness in one half of the visual field
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monochromatism (=)
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=color blindness: the inability to distinguish certain colors
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nyctal
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night
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nyctalopia (=)
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=night blindness: a condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night
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presby
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old age
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presbyopia
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describes the common changes in the eyes that occur with aging
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strabismus (=)
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=squint: a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly b/c the eye muscles are unable to focus together
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eso-
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inward
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trop
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turn
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esotropia (=)
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=cross-eyes: strabismus char’d by an inward deviation of one eye or both eyes
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exotropia (=)
|
=walleye: strabismus char’d by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other
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refractive disorder
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a focusing problem that occurs when the lens and cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina
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ametr
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out of proportion
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ametropia
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any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina
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astigmatism
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a condition in which the eye does not focus properly b/c of uneven curvatures of the cornea
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hyperopia (=)
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=farsightedness: a defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina
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myopia (=)
|
=nearsightedness: a defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina
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ambly
|
dim or dull
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amblyopia
|
a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye
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scotoma (=)
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=blind spot: an abnormal area of absent or depressed vision surrounded by an area of normal vision
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visual acuity measurement
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an evaluation of the eye’s ability to distinguish object details and shape
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refraction
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an examination procedure to determine an eye’s refractive error and the best corrective lenses to be prescribed
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diopter
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the unit of measurement of a lens’s refractive power
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ton/o
|
tension
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tonometry
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the measurement of intraocular pressure
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ophthalmoscopy (=)
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=funduscopy: the visual examination of the fundus of the eye with an ophthalmoscope
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mydriatic drops
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medication placed into the eyes in the form of eye drops that produce temporary paralysis: forces the pupils to remain dilated even in the presence of bright light
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slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy
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a diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused onto parts of the eye to permit the ophthalmologist to examine the structures at the front of the eye, including the cornea, iris, and lens
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fluorescein staining
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the application of fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye; causes a corneal abrasion to appear bright green
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fluorescein angiography
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a radiographic study of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium
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visual field testing (=)
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=perimetry: performed to determine losses in peripheral vision
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orbitotomy
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a surgical incision into the orbit for biopsy, abscess drainage, or the removal of a tumor or foreign object
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tars/o
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eyelid
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tarsorrhaphy
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the partial, or complete, suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids
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corneal transplant (=)
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=keratoplasty: the surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor
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ocular prosthesis
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may be fitted to wear over a malformed eye or to replace an eyeball
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radial keratotomy
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a surgical procedure to correct myopia; incisions are made partially thru the cornea that cause it to flatten
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vitr
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vitreous fluid
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vitrectomy
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the removal of the vitreous fluid and its replacement with a clear solution
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lensectomy
|
the general term used to describe the surgical removal of a cataract-clouded lens
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phacoemulsification
|
the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and break up a cataract making removal easier
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phak
|
lens
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pseudophakia
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an eye in which the natural lens has been replaced with an intraocular lens
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intraocular lens
|
an artificial lens that is surgically implanted to replace the natural lens
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irid
|
iris
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laser iridotomy
|
used to treat acute, or closed-angle, glaucoma by creating an opening in the iris to allow drainage
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laser trabeculoplasty
|
used to treat chronic, or open-angle, glaucoma by creating an opening in the trabecular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly
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LASIK
|
Laser-Assisted in SItu Keratomileusis: used to treat vision conditions that are caused by the shape of the cornea; a flap is opened in the surface of the cornea and then a laser is used to change the shape of a deep corneal layer
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-mileusis
|
carving
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photo-refractive keratectomy
|
used to correct refractive errors by shaving away some of the top layer of the cornea
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retinopexy
|
used to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment
|
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photocoagulation
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the use of lasers to treat some forms of macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels
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AD
|
right ear
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AS
|
left ear
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AU
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each ear or both ears
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audit
|
hearing or sense of hearing
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auditory
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pertaining to the sense of hearing
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acous
|
hearing or sound
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acoustic
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relating to sound or hearing
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pinna (=)
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=auricle: the external portion of the ear; catches sound waves and transmits them into the external auditory canal
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external auditory canal
|
transmits sound waves from the pinna to the middle ear
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cerumen (=)
|
=earwax: secreted by ceruminous glands that line the auditory canal
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tympanic membrane (=)
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=eardrum: located b/t the outer and middle ear
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mastoid bone cells
|
surround the middle ear: hollow air spaces located in the mastoid process of the temporal bone
|
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auditory ossicles
|
3 small bones found in the middle ear; transmit the sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear by vibration
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malleus
|
the hammer
|
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incus
|
the anvil
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stapes
|
the stirrup
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Eustachian tubes (=)
|
=auditory tubes: narrow tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasal cavity and the throat; equalize the air pressure in the middle ear with that of the outside atmosphere
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inner ear (=)
|
=labyrinth: contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance
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oval window
|
located under the base of the stapes; is the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear
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cochlea
|
the spiral passage that leads from the oval window
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cochlear duct
|
located within the cochlea; is filled w/ fluid that vibrates when the sound waves strike it
|
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organ of Corti
|
located w/in the cochlea; the receptor site that receives vibrations and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers
|
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auditory nerve fibers
|
transmit vibrations to the auditory center of the brain’s cerebral cortex, where they are heard and interpreted
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semicircular canals
|
(3); located w/in inner ear; contain endolymph (a liquid) and sensitive hair cells (which bend in response to the movements of the head and set up impulses in nerve fibers to help maintain equilibrium)
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acoustic nerves
|
(cranial nerve VIII); transmits info to the brain, and the brain sends messages to muscles in all parts of the body to ensure that equilibrium is maintained
|
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air conduction
|
the process by which sound waves enter the ear thru the pinna
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bone conduction
|
occurs as the eardrum vibrates and moves the auditory ossicles
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sensorineural conduction
|
occurs when sound vibrations reach the inner ear via the oval window
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audi
|
hearing
|
|
|
audiologist
|
specializes in the measurement of hearing function and in the rehab of persons w/ hearing impairments
|
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impacted cerumen
|
an accumulation of cerumen that forms a solid mass adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal
|
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otalgia (=)
|
=earache: pain in the ear
|
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ot
|
ear
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|
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otitis
|
any inflammation of the ear
|
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myc
|
fungus
|
|
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otomycosis (=)
|
=swimmer's ear: a fungal infection of the external auditory canal
|
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py/o
|
pus
|
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|
otopyorrhea
|
the flow of pus from the ear
|
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otorrhagia
|
bleeding from the ear
|
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bar/o
|
pressure
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barotrauma
|
pressure-related ear discomfort often caused by changes in pressure when flying, driving in the mountains, or scuba diving, when the eustachian tube is blocked
|
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mastoiditis
|
an inflammation of any part of the mastoid process
|
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myring
|
eardrum
|
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myringitits
|
an inflammation of the tympanic membrane
|
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otosclerosis
|
the ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear resulting in a conductive hearing loss
|
|
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patulous eustachian tube
|
distention of the eustachian tube
|
|
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otitis media
|
an inflammation of the middle ear
|
|
|
acute otitis media
|
usually associated w/ an upper resp. infection and is most commonly seen in young children; can lead to a ruptured eardrum
|
|
|
serous otitis media
|
a fluid buildup in the middle ear that may follow acute otitis media or may be caused by obstruction of the eustachian tube
|
|
|
acute purulent otitis media
|
a buildup of pus within the middle ear
|
|
|
labyrinthitis
|
an inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness
|
|
|
vertigo
|
a sense of whirling, dizziness, and the loss of balance, often combined with nausea and vomiting`
|
|
|
Meniere's syndrome
|
a rare chronic disease in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of veritgo, a fluctuating hearing loss (usually in one ear) and tinnitus
|
|
|
tinnitus
|
a ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears
|
|
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deafness
|
the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear
|
|
|
-cusis
|
hearing
|
|
|
presbycusis
|
a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages
|
|
|
conductive hearing loss
|
occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear
|
|
|
sensorineural hearing loss (=)
|
=nerve deafness: develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged
|
|
|
noise-induced hearing loss
|
a type of nerve deafness due to damage caused by repeated exposure to very intense noise such as aircraft engines, noisy equipment, or loud music
|
|
|
audiometry
|
the use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity
|
|
|
audiometer
|
an electronic device that produces acoustic stimuli of a set frequency and intensity
|
|
|
hertz
|
a measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is
|
|
|
decibels
|
sound volume is measured in decibels
|
|
|
speech audiometry
|
measures the threshold of speech reception (hearing speech sounds) and speech discrimination (understanding speech sounds)
|
|
|
tympanometry
|
the measurement of acoustical energy absorbed or reflected by the middle ear thru the use of a probe placed in the ear canal
|
|
|
aur
|
hearing
|
|
|
monaural testing
|
involves one ear
|
|
|
binaural testing
|
involves both ears
|
|
|
otoplasty
|
surgical repair of the pinna
|
|
|
mastoidectomy
|
the surgical removal of mastoid cells
|
|
|
myringotomy
|
the surgical incision of the eardrum to create an opening for the placement of tympanostomy tubes
|
|
|
tympanostomy tubes (=)
|
=pediatric ear tubes: tiny ventilating tubes placed thru the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after childhood ear infections
|
|
|
tympanoplasty
|
the surgical correction of a damaged middle ear, either to cure chronic inflammation or to restore function
|
|
|
stapedectomy
|
the surgical removal of the top portion of the stapes bone and the insertion of a small prosthetic device called a piston that conducts sound vibrations to the inner ear
|
|
|
fenestra
|
window
|
|
|
fenestration
|
a surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore hearing
|
|
|
hearing aid
|
an external electronic device that amplifies sounds thru a small speaker
|
|
|
labyrinthectomy
|
the surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrinth
|
|
|
labyrinthotomy
|
a surgical incision b/t 2 of the fluid chambers of the labyrinth to allow the pressure to equalize
|
|
|
cochlear implant
|
an electronic device implanted behind the ear that receives sound signals and transmits these signals to electrodes implanted in the cochlea
|
|
|
CAT
|
cataract
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dB
|
decibel
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ET
|
esotropia, eustachian tube
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Hz
|
hertz
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IOL
|
intraocular lens
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OM
|
otitis media
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PRK
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photo-refractive keratectomy
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SOM
|
serous otitis media
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TM
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tympanic memebrane
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combining forms for skin
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cutane/o, dermat/o, derm/o
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|
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combining form for sebaceous glands
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seb/o
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combining forms for sweat glands
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hidr/o
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combining forms for hair
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pil/i, pil/o
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combining forms for nails
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onych/o, ungu/o
|
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derma & cutaneous mean...?
|
skin
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epidermis
|
the ouutermost layer of the skin; made up of several specialized epithelial tissues
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epithelial tissues
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form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
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squamous epithelial tissue
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forms the upper layer of the epidermis; consists of flat, scaly cells
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basal layer
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cells produced in the lowest layer (here)
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keratin
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fibrous, water-repellent protein; soft keratin= primary component of the epidermis... hard keratin= found in hair and nails
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melanocytes
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special cells also located in the basal layer; produce and contain a dark brown to black pigment called melanin
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ultraviolet (UV)
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light that is beyond the visible spectrum at the violet end; some UV rays help the skin produce vit D, but others damage it
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dermis (=)
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=corium: the thick layer of living tissue directly below the epidermis
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tactile
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pertaining to the sense of touch
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perception
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the ability to recognize sensory stimuli
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collagen
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=glue: a tough, yet flexible, fibrous protein material; found in skin, bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
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mast cells
|
found in the connective tissue of the dermis; respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances including heparin and histamine
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heparin
|
released in response to injury, is an anticoagulant
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histamine
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released in response to allergens, causes itching and increased mucus secretion
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lip/o
|
fat
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lipocytes (=)
|
=fat cells: are predominant in the subcutaneous layer where they manufacture and store large quantitities of fat
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sebaceous glands
|
located in the dermis layer of the skin and are closely associated with hair follicles
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sebum
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secreted by sebaceous glands: is released thru ducts opening into the hair follicles
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sweat glands (=)
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=sudoriferous glands: tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces
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pores
|
where ducts from sweat glands open on the surface of the skin
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sweat (=)
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=perspiration: secreted by sweat glands and is made up of 99% water plus some salt and metabolic waste products
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perspiring
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secreting sweat; a means of excreting excess water & also cools the body
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hidrosis
|
the production and excretion of sweat
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hair (fibers)
|
rodlike structures composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin
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hair follicles
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the sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers.
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arrector pili (=)
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=erector muscles: tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect
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unguis (=)
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=nail: the keratin plate protecting the dorsal surface of the last bone of each finger and toe
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nail body
|
is translucent; is closely molded to the surface of the underlying tissues
|
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nail bed
|
joins the nail body to the underlying connective tissue, nourishes the nail
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free edge
|
the portion of the nail not attached to the nail bed, extends beyond the tip of the finger or toe
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lunula
|
a pale half-moon-shaped region at every nail root, generally easiest seen in the thumbnail
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cuticle
|
a narrow band of epidermis attached to the surface of the nail just in front of the root, protecting the new keratin cells as they form
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root
|
fastens the nail to the finger or toe by fitting into a groove in the skin
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dermatologist
|
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin
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cosmetic surgeon (=)
|
=plastic surgeon: specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structures
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acne vulgaris
|
most common type of acne: a chronic inflammatory disease that is char'd by pustular eruptions of the skin caused by an overproduction of sebum
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comedo
|
a noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle
|
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sebaceous cyst
|
a sebaceous gland containing yellow, fatty material
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seb/o
|
sebum
|
|
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seborrhea
|
any of several common skin conditions in which there is an overproduction of sebum
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seborrheic dermatitis
|
an inflammation that causes scaling and itching of the upper layers of the skin or scalp
|
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seborrheic keratosis
|
a benign growth that has a waxy "pasted-on" look
|
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hidr
|
sweat
|
|
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anhidrosis
|
the abnormal condition of lacking sweat in response to heat
|
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hyperhidrosis
|
a condition of excessive sweating in one area or over the whole body
|
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diaphoresis
|
profuse sweating
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phor
|
movement
|
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-esis
|
abnormal condition
|
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miliaria (=)
|
=heat rash or prickly heat: an intensely itchy rash caused by blockage of the sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells
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folliculitis
|
an inflammation of the hair follicles that is especially common on the limbs and in the beard area on men
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hirsut
|
hairy
|
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hirsutism
|
the presence of excessive bodily and facial hair in women, usually occurring in a male pattern
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alopec
|
baldness
|
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alopecia (=)
|
=baldness: the partial or complete loss of hair, most commonly on the scalp
|
|
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clubbing
|
abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips
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koilonychia (=)
|
=spoon nail: a malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon
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koil
|
hollow or concave
|
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onych
|
fingernail or toenail
|
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onychia (=)
|
=onychitis: an inflammation of the matrix of the nail
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onychocryptosis
|
ingrown toenail
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crypt
|
hidden
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onychomycosis
|
a fungal infection of the nail
|
|
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onychophagia
|
nail biting or nail eating
|
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paronychia
|
an acute or chronic infection of the skin fold around a nail
|
|
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albinism
|
an inherited deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises due to a missing enzyme necessary for the production of melanin
|
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chloasma (=)
|
=melasma or the mask of pregnancy: a pigmentation disorder char'd by brownish spots on the face
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melanosis
|
any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in different parts of the body
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vitiligo
|
believed to be an autoimmune disorder, is char'd by a loss of melanin resulting in whitish areas of skin, usually on the face and hands.
|
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contusion (=)
|
=bruise: an injury that does not break the skin and is char'd by discoloration and pain
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contus
|
bruise
|
|
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petechiae
|
small pinpoint hemorrhages that are less than 2 mm in diameter
|
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purpura
|
a condition that causes spontaneous bruises that are 2 mm to 10 mm in diameter, as well as hemorrhages in the internal organs and other tissues
|
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purpur
|
purple
|
|
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ecchym
|
pouring out of juice
|
|
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ecchymosis
|
an irregular area of purplish discoloration that is larger than 10 mm in diameter
|
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hematoma
|
a swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues that is usually caused by an injury
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lesion
|
a pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury
|
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crust (=)
|
=scab: a collection of dried serum and cellular debris
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|
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macule (=)
|
macula: a discolored, flat spot that is less than 1 cm in diameter (ex: freckles or flat moles)
|
|
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papule
|
a small, raised red lesion that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter; does not contain pus (ex: small pimples or insect bites)
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|
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nodule
|
a solid raised skin lesion that is larger than 0.5 cm in diameter and deeper than a papule
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plaque
|
a scaly, solid raised area of closely spaced papules
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|
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scales
|
flakes or dry patches made up of excess dead epidermal cells
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|
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verrucae (=)
|
=warts: small, hard skin lesions caused by the human papilloma virus
|
|
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wheal (=)
|
=welt: a small bump that itches
|
|
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abscess
|
a closed pocket containing pus that is caused by a purulent bacterial infection
|
|
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purulent
|
producing or containing pus
|
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cyst
|
a deep closed sac just under the skin containing soft or semisolid material
|
|
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pustule (=)
|
=pimple: a small, circumscribed lesion containing pus
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|
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vesicle
|
a small blister, less than 0.5 cm in diameter, containing watery fluid
|
|
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bulla
|
a large blister that is usually more than 0.5 cm in diameter
|
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abrasion
|
an injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away
|
|
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fissure
|
a groove or crack-like sore
|
|
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laceration
|
a jagged wound or an accidental cut
|
|
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puncture wound
|
a deep hole made by a sharp object such as a nail
|
|
|
ulcer
|
an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
|
|
|
decubitus ulcer (=)
|
pressure ulcer or bedsore: an ulcerated area in which prolonged pressure causes tissue death
|
|
|
port-wine stain
|
a large, reddish purple discoloration of the face or neck; will not resolve without treatment
|
|
|
strawberry hemangioma
|
a soft raised dark, reddish purple birthmark; is a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels; usually resolve, without treatment, by about age 5
|
|
|
hemangi/o
|
blood vessels
|
|
|
prurit
|
itching
|
|
|
pruritus (=)
|
=itching; is associated with most forms of dermatitis
|
|
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eczema
|
a form of dermatitis that is usually associated with severe itching
|
|
|
contact dermatitis
|
a localized allergic response caused by contact with an irritant or allergen
|
|
|
erythem
|
flushed
|
|
|
erythema
|
any redness of the skin due to dilated capillaries, including a nervous blush, inflammation, or sunburn
|
|
|
erythroderma (=)
|
=exfoliative dermatitis: a condition in which there is widespread erythema accompanied by scaling of the skin
|
|
|
pyoderma
|
any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection
|
|
|
dermatosis
|
a general term used to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation
|
|
|
ichthy
|
dry or scaly
|
|
|
ichthyosis
|
a group of hereditary disorders that are char'd by dry, thickened, and scaly skin
|
|
|
lupus erythematosus (=)
|
=systemic lupus erythematosus: an autoimmune disorder that is char'd by a red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk.
|
|
|
lipedema
|
a chronic swelling caused by the collection of fat and fluid under the skin
|
|
|
lip =?
|
fat
|
|
|
psoriasis
|
a common skin disorder char'd by flare-ups in which red papules covered with silvery scales occur on the elbows, knees, scalp, back, or buttocks
|
|
|
rosacea
|
a chronic condition of unknown cause that produces redness, tiny pimples, and broken blood vessels; usually occurs on the central area of the face and appears most often in people over 30
|
|
|
rhinophyma (=)
|
=bulbous nose: is hyperplasia (overgrowth) of the tissues of the nose and is associated with advanced rosacea, but usually only in older men
|
|
|
-phyma
|
growth
|
|
|
scleroderma
|
an autoimmune disorder in which the connective tissues become thickened and hardened, causing the skin to become hard and swollen
|
|
|
urticaria (=)
|
=hives: are wheals caused by an allergic reaction
|
|
|
-aria
|
connected with
|
|
|
xeroderma (=)
|
=xerosis: excessively dry skin
|
|
|
furuncles (=)
|
=boils: large tender, swollen, areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands
|
|
|
carbuncle
|
a cluster of connected furuncles (boils)
|
|
|
cellulitis
|
an acute, rapidly spreading infection within the connective tissue that is char'd by malaise, swelling, warmth, and red streaks
|
|
|
gangrene
|
tissue necrosis (death) that is most commonly caused by a loss of circulation to the affected tissues; this is followed by bacterial invasion that causes putrefaction (if this infection enters the bloodstream it can be fatal)
|
|
|
putrefaction
|
decay that produces foul-smelling odors
|
|
|
impetigo
|
a highly contagious bacterial skin infection char'd by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
|
|
|
necrotizing fasciitis (=)
|
=flesh-eating bacteria: caused by Group A strep
|
|
|
tinea (=)
|
=ringworm: a fungal infection that can grow on the skin, hair, or nails
|
|
|
pityriasis versicolor (=)
|
=tinea versicolor: a fungal infection that causes painless, discolored areas on the skin
|
|
|
pity
|
branlike, referring to bran-like scales
|
|
|
-iasis
|
disease
|
|
|
infestation
|
the dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue
|
|
|
scabies
|
a skin infection caused by an infestation with the itch mite that produces distinctive brown lines and an itchy rash
|
|
|
pedicul
|
lice
|
|
|
pediculosis
|
an infestation with lice
|
|
|
callus
|
a thickening of part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing
|
|
|
cicatrix
|
a normal scar resulting from the healing of a wound
|
|
|
granulation tissue
|
the tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound; it is this tissue that becomes the scar tissue
|
|
|
granuloma
|
a general term used to describe small knotlike swellings of granulation tissue in the epidermis; may result from inflammation, injury, or infection
|
|
|
kel
|
growth or tumor
|
|
|
-oid
|
resembling
|
|
|
keloid
|
an abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the incision
|
|
|
kerat
|
hard or horny
|
|
|
keratosis
|
any skin growth, such as warts or a callus, in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the skin
|
|
|
lipoma
|
a benign fatty deposit under the skin that causes a bump
|
|
|
nevi (=)
|
=moles: small dark skin growths that develop from melanocytes in the skin; normally they are benign
|
|
|
dysplastic nevi
|
atypical moles that may develop into skin cancer
|
|
|
papilloma
|
a benign, superficial wartlike growth on the epithelial tissue or elsewhere in the body, such as in the bladder
|
|
|
polyp
|
a general term used most commonly to describe a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous memebrane
|
|
|
skin tags
|
small flesh-colored or light brown polyps that hang from the body by fine stalks
|
|
|
basal cell carcinoma
|
the most frequent and least harmful type of skin cancer, is a malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis; occurs mainly on the face and neck, is slow growing and rarely spreads; lesions are pink, smooth, raised w/ a depression in the center, tend to bleed easily
|
|
|
squamous cell carcinoma
|
begins as a malignant tumor of the thin, scaly squamous cells of the epithelium; can quickly spread to other body systems; lesions appear to be sores that will not heal or sores w/ crusted, heaped-up look
|
|
|
malignant melanoma (=)
|
=melanoma: a type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes; 1st sign is a change in the size, shape, or color of a mole and may spread to other parts of body
|
|
|
actinic keratosis
|
a skin lesion caused by excessive exposure to the sun; are rough, red or brown scaly patches on the skin that may be precancerous
|
|
|
burn
|
an injury to body tissues caused by heat, flame, electricity, sun, chemicals, or radiation
|
|
|
first-degree burn
|
superficial burns, sunburn: no blisters, superficial damage to the epidermis
|
|
|
second-degree burn
|
parital thickness burns: blisters, damage to the epidermis and the second layer (dermis)
|
|
|
third-degree burn
|
full thickness burns: damage to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers and possibly also the muscle below
|
|
|
biopsy
|
the removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis
|
|
|
exfoliative cytology
|
a technique in which cells are scraped from the tissue and examined under a microscope
|
|
|
topical
|
pertains to a specific location
|
|
|
transdermal
|
applied to unbroken skin so that it is absorbed continuously to produce a systemic effect
|
|
|
cauterization
|
the destruction of tissue by burning
|
|
|
curettage
|
the removal of material from the surface by scraping; this technique is used to remove and destroy basal cell tumors
|
|
|
chemical peel (=)
|
=chemabrasion: the use of chemicals to remove the outer layers of skin to treat acne scaring, fine wrinking, and general keratoses
|
|
|
cryosurgery
|
the destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells thru the application of extreme cold (often by using liquid nitrogen)
|
|
|
cry/o
|
cold
|
|
|
debridement
|
the removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and to promote healing
|
|
|
dermabrasion
|
a form of abrasion involving the use of a revolving wire brush or sandpaper; used to remove acne and chickenpox scars, etc.
|
|
|
incision and drainage (abbrev. & =)
|
I & D: involves incision (cutting open) of a lesion and draining the contents
|
|
|
Mohs' surgery
|
a technique of excising skin tumors by removing tumor tissue, layer-by-layer, examining the removed portion microscopically for malignant cells, and repeating the procedure until the entire tumor is removed
|
|
|
laser
|
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
|
|
|
rhinophyma (treated by...?)
|
using a laser to reshape the nose by vaporizing the excess tissue
|
|
|
port-wine stain (treated by...?)
|
using short pulses of laser light to remove the birthmark
|
|
|
blepharoplasty (=)
|
=lid lift: the surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids by removing excess fat, skin, and muscle
|
|
|
botox
|
a formulation of botulinum toxin type A.
|
|
|
collagen replacement therapy
|
a form of soft-tissue augmentation used to soften facial lines or scars or to make lips appear fuller
|
|
|
dermatoplasty (=)
|
=skin graft: the replacement of damaged skin with healthy tissue taken from a donor site on the patient's body
|
|
|
electrolysis
|
the use of an electric current to destroy hair follicles; it produces relatively permanent removal of undesired hair
|
|
|
lipectomy
|
the surgical removal of fat beneath the skin
|
|
|
liposuction (=)
|
=suction-assisted lipectomy: the surgical removal of fat beneath the skin with the aid of suction
|
|
|
rhytidectomy (=)
|
=facelift: the surgical removal of excess skin and fat for the elimination of wrinkles
|
|
|
rhytid
|
wrinkle
|
|
|
sclerotherapy
|
used in treatment of spider veins; involves injecting a sclerosing solution (saline solution) into the vein being treated, this solution irritates the tissue, causing the veins to collapse and disappear
|
|
|
cryo (abbreviation for...?)
|
cryosurgery
|
|
|
debr (abbrev. for...?)
|
debridement
|
|
|
Ez
|
eczema
|
|
|
I & D
|
incision and drainage
|
|
|
SPF
|
sun protection factor
|
|
|
SLE
|
systemic lupus erythematosus
|
