Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name two changes that altered Europe forever.
|
1) Reformation in the 16th century that divided Christiandom by creed. Religious ripping apart of European life. Cohabitation of different belief systems side by side. 2) European's effors to trade with and discover other parts of the world, led to the exploitation of peoples. led to differences in customs,creeds, appearance, beliefs
|
|
|
When was the Reformation?
|
Early 1500s
|
|
|
Reformation
|
Martin Luther and John Calvin forged program religious reform. Reaction against "moral and financial abuses" within the Catholic church. Protest movement 1529- views that deviated from Catholicism.
|
|
|
Charlemagne
|
thought of Europe as a Christiandom-assisting people in their quest for salvation was government's role according to him. Leader of empire in 800 AD
|
|
|
Habsburg family
|
The Holy Roman Empire-todat Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Italy. HRE emperor ruled in loose sense. Elected, not inherited, but elected out of this family, ruling over small entities. rivaling only French emperors.
|
|
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
todat Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Italy. HRE emperor ruled in loose sense. Elected, not inherited, but elected out of this family, ruling over small entities. In 800 AD Charlemagne thought of Europe as Christiandom
|
|
|
Catholic Counter Reformation
|
after Luther's 1517 95 Theses of Indulgences, this tried to reaffirm the pope and Catholic teachings and tried to determine what was orthodox. Difference becomes more problematic.
|
|
|
95 Theses of Indulgences
|
Published by Martin Luther in 1517. This became religious and political controversy. Direct challenge to pope's authority. German rulers began to have to take sides, printing press came about, spreading ideas. Movement continued to fracture Christianity.
|
|
|
What years was Europe convulsed in religious warfare?
|
1550-1650
|
|
|
During the Reformation, why not practice tolerance?
|
Needed unity, needed to suppress opposition because it was hateful to God. One king, one faith, one law. No one saw advantages to tolerance.
|
|
|
Peace of Augsburg
|
1555. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanently within the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace established the principle Cuius regio, eius religio, which allowed Holy Roman Empire's states' princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states.
|
|
|
Defenestration of Prague
|
1618. Protestant noblemen marched to King of Bohemia and found two Hapsburg king advisors and these noblemen through these two advisors out the window. Seemed to suggest the Hapsburgs were not legitimate rulers. Ferdiand becomes king of HRE. Frederick chooses to accept Bohemian crown that is illegally offered to him.
|
|
|
30 Years War
|
1618-1648. Series of Protestant uprisings. 2 greatest families fought each other, Protestants fought Catholics. Most destructive war in history until 20th century. Changed warfare and ended notio of restoration of Christiandom. The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as the main reason for the fighting. Initially, it was fought largely as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over internal politics and the balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. Gradually, it developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers of the time.[13][14] In this general phase the war became less specifically religious and more a continuation of the Bourbon–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence, leading in turn to further warfare between France and the Habsburg powers.
|
|
|
Danes form Protestant alliance
|
1626. First grand Protestant alliance-England, Holland, some German states, French, which are Catholic (because they want to take the power from the Hapsburgs.
|
|
|
Swedes form Protestant alliance
|
The Catholic armies of Ferdinand continue to win,forming dangerous mercenary force. Dynastic struggle with soldiers switching sides based on personal moments. By going too far, Ferdinand helped unite Protestantism and in 1630, Swedes form the Prot. alliance.
|
|
|
Sack of Madgeburg
|
1631. 1st Prot. victory. Catholic troops torched Madgeburg, which set new standards of Protestant cohesivness formed and Prot. forces begin to win battles.
|
|
|
When do Portuguese and Spanish want to begin expansion?
|
15th century. They crusade against "infidels"
|
|
|
Describe the two trading systems during the 15th century
|
Europeans soon discover the "New World." Gradually two trading systems emerge: Europe and Asia, and Europe and the New World.
|
|
|
empire
|
collecting territories under one ruler. Roman heritage and idea of Christiandom. Conquering the whole world. Idea emerges that they are less well off, and it is to their advantage to "civilize" them. Spanish starts this in the 16th century
|
|
|
res nullius
|
find empty space, becomes your property if you do. This idea was used as justification for English taking land from Indians
|
|
|
How did the Spanish empire decline?
|
Around 1600, Spain became too dependent on colonies, they did not have their own development of industry. In 1620s- silver diminishes and Spain has nothing left.
|
|
|
Name three new ways of organizing and managing trade that developed in the 17th century
|
1) res nullius. English imagined developing agriculture, cash crops, profits. Colonization thought about power and commericial, not religious. 2) developing of banking and financial service. Bills of exchange, state run banks, Bank of Amsterdam created universal currency exchange. 3) joint stock companies.
|
|
|
bills of exchange
|
paper form of currency that began circulating during the 17th century. Traditionally, trading was difficult without gold.
|
|
|
joint stock companies
|
1600. provides capital for overseas trading by providing shares to finance adventures. These were private
|
|
|
Mercantilism
|
Dutch develop economic model. Colonialism was a source of riches for states and glory. That glory came with prestige and wealth. Mercantilism was a set of economic principles that fit into worldview that states should maintain a favorable balance of trade-more exports than imports and imports should have high taxes. All resources should be put in the source of the state.
|
|
|
Describe the economy of the Dutch Republic of United Provinces during the Late 16th, early 17th century.
|
In 1648 become independent of Hapsburgs. Tiny, populous, unusually urban. Republic, not a monarchy. Money, not just title, could buy access. Found that religious tolerance was economically more profitable. "Dutch economic miracle" was because of commerce. Create 1st real bank in 1609. Invent idea of insurance. By 17th century, bankers become more socially acceptable. Dutch were good at moving goods around, developing shipping routes. Had a virtual monopoly on spices.
|
|
|
Describe culture of the Dutch Republic
|
With abundance, came guilt. They cautioned against excess constantly. Fascinated by disaster. Charitable, but eager to punish beggars.
|
|
|
Three characteristics of Dutch Republic
|
1) without real nobility, had no long tradition of aristocratic values. 2) with all religious refugees, cosmopolitan produced different beliefs. 3)connection between Protestantism and capitalism
|
|
|
Max Wiebuhr
|
Wrote Protestant Ethic and Capitalism- legality, discipline, search for profit that traced to small scale merchants that had inspiration in the teachings of Calvin
|
|
|
Dutch painting
|
show dutch life and mentalities and values of the people. Vermeer-"the little street"-virtues of domestic life
|
|
|
Social hierarchy?
|
Prevailing contemporary belief that social hierarchy preserves political order and economic well-being in Europe during the 16th and 17th century.
|
|
|
what was the first spanish settlement?
|
Hispanola-today Dominican Republic
|
|
|
Ecological conquest
|
original peoples killed off by importation of disease from Europeans
|
|
|
What was the first successful colony? When? Why?
|
By French, Acadia 1605. At this point, emphasis not so much on settlement as on trade.
|
|
|
What was the change of mindframe of settlements? When and where did this occur?
|
England in the 18th century had a pool of potential emigrants. The idea develops of building new communities in New World. Not simply trade, not simply extraction of natural resources, but self-sustaining communities.
|
|
|
Describe the English settlement of New England
|
Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. Soon other Protestant groups set up autonomous communities in the New World. 50,000 people lived in British North American colonies by 1640.
|
|
|
Name two things that changed the dynamics of slavery in the 17th century.
|
1) Vast expansion in use of forced labor. All European countries that can get involved, do, in the slave market. 2) Creation out of slavery notions of race. Slavery was initially a system of labor that did not belong to race. Notion of race emerges as a justification for slavery in the 17th century.
|
|
|
How did sugar cane change the economic dynamic in the New World?
|
Europeans wanted sugar, creating whole new societies dependent on slave labor. Suagr cane was incredibly labor intensive. Many more Africans than Europeans settled in the New World.
|
|
|
Triangular trade
|
guns, textiles, commercially finished products traded in Africa for humans, and taken to New World, traded for raw materials which were then shipped back to Europe.
|
|
|
What power changes occur in the beginning of the 17th century in Europe?
|
Function to be stronger and more powerful than others. This is different than before when it saw itself as spreading Christianity. 1) symbolic-states have big capital cities to show off that they're states, stage royal ceremonies, show off power. 2) gov't expands # of personnel they have, choosing gentry, lower rung of nobles. 3) Divine Right- institution of monarchy created by God and monarch functions as God's chosen monarch. King, as James I points out, has obligations to act in the interest of your subjects.
|
|
|
3 big problems dealing with monarchs in France and England
|
Louis XIV interested in hunting, not involved in the state. James I was a very unpopular king who recoiled in crowds. Both had speech impediments. In crisis, neither were up for the job. 2) nobles did not take kindly to losing authority. 3) Expensive. To be a more powerful state, need revenue. Half of all revenue goes to maintaining war. Traditionally in France and Spain, only unpriveleged paid taxes. To change this, there was resistance. In the 1640s and 1650s 5 consecutive terrible harvests. Many starving.
|
|
|
conjuncture
|
when several trends collide. crisis of state and terrible harvest= conjuncture. By mid 1600s, crisis envelopes, France and Spain have revolts and England has a political revolution.
|
|
|
James I problems
|
1642-1660. Questions: How do ordinary people make themselves heard? What is the king entitled to do? James I could do no right. Encountered two problems:
1) Money. Where was he going to get the money? Parliament was traditional, said no to money. Tensions mount over taxes 2) Fragile religious peace. James encountered hostility from Puritans. 2) |
|
|
Civil War
|
Charles I believes in divine right and wants to bring Catholicism back to England. Citizens riot in Scotland, protest. Charles I mobilizes troops and Scotts form army. By 1640, Scottish troops invade England. 1641, Charles heads north and declares leaders of Parliament as traitors. Struggle of future monarchy in England. Royalist-cavaliers, believed they were fighting to defend England and preserving the exisiting order. Splits England apart. Royalist side crushed by Oliver Cromwell- radical Puritan, gentry, Parliament. In 1648- led by Cromwell, Parliament purged of moderates, Cromwell becomes leader and king brought to trial for treason against the state. Wanted to emphasize that they believed in the rule of law.
|
|
|
Charles I sentence
|
Refusal to speak=guilty. Sentenced to die for tyranny, treason, bloodshed. Executed January of 1649. House of Lords deleted, only House of Congress left.
|
|
|
Charles II
|
In 1660, army invites Charles II (1660-85) back to kingship. Power of Parliament is strengthened at this point. He tries to turn back clock and bring back Catholicism. Seceded by Catholic brother, James II (1685-88), wants to remove Parliament and re-establish divine right rule.
|
|
|
Glorious Revolution
|
1688-members of Parliament, invite William, Dutch Protestant prince and Mary to invade England. James II flees and W+M declared king and queen. This comes to be known as Glorious Revolution-triumph of parliament of gentry. Set down Bill of Rights from Parliament that subsequent monarchs must respect; given to William and Mary.
|
|
|
Absolute monarchy vs. Consitutional monarchy
|
Absolute monarchy is also called undemocratic monarchy and constitutional monarchy is also called a liberal monarchy. In the absolute monarchy, the king or queen rules with absolute and total power whereas in a constitutional monarchy the king or queen has limited powers since they rule along with a parliament or a governing body.
Bourbon France best emphasized absolute monarchy while Stuart England best exemplified consitutional monarchy. |
|
|
The Long Parliament
|
in session from 1640 to 1653, triggered the biggest revolution in English history
|
|
|
Puritan Republic?
|
From 1649 to 1660 England was a Puritan Republic. (Cromwell died in 1658 and in 1660, Charles II became king
|
|
|
When was Louis XIV king of France?
|
1643-1715. He gave French aristocracy what they wanted.
|
|
|
What were 2 root causes of the French Revolution?
|
in the 18th century, the aristocracy's bid for increased political power commensurate with their exalted social power and because Louis XIV had middle class work for him and they becamedissatisfied with their social status being not as high as their political and economic power.
|
|
|
When was the famine in France?
|
1660s and 1690s.
|
|
|
French and British wars
|
Between 1689 and 1815, France and England fought each other in 7 wars. 18th century was a contest for world leadership.
|
|
|
Versailles
|
A palace built for Louis XIV near Versailles, southwest of Paris. 1632.
|
|
|
Frederick William
|
(Great Elector of Prussia, 1640-1688) Saw that French had some clues about running territory. 30 Years War convinced him of importance of army and revenue of running army. He would have to bargain with Junkers, German nobility. Created first modern civil service in Europe and bureacracy to go with army-postal service, education, roads, etc. Discipline and hierarchy based.
|
|
|
Peter I
|
(Peter the Great, Russia, 1682-1725) leaves at 25 years old, trying to figure out practical techniques of administration, taxation system, organization of military and manufacturing. Orders nobles to be educated, brings back western ideals. Main reforms: military schools, drafts, French and Russian military ideas. Centralizes state, increases tax burden on peasants, suppresses internal resistance.
|
|
|
Verbsburg
|
in Germany (a part of the widespread building project in Eurpe following Versailles) becomes famous for staircase.
|
|
|
2 Europes
|
17th century ends with 2 Europes. West and East perceive themselves as quite different. Uneven development between classes an states.
|
|
|
How was Central/Eastern Europe different from Western Europe?
|
Austria, Prussia, Russia. 1) social conditions different. Had independent nobility. 2) not many towns, rural agriculture. 3)peasants. more and more live as serfs in Eastern and central Europe. Serfs were legally obligated to live on the land that noblemen give. 4) Less sense of belonging to a nation. These areas not linguistically and sometimes not geographically or ethnically unified.
|
|
|
What was the revolution in science in the 17th century?
|
revolution in intellectual world- change from "metaphysics"
|
|
|
Copernicus
|
1543- "concerning the revolution of celestial spheres"- Poland- went to Italy and got into debates about planetary motion and calendar reform efforts. Postulates that Earth and planets could be centered around sun. Publishes heliocentric idea as mathematical construct before death.
|
|
|
Kepler
|
1627- "Rudolphine Tables"- German Protestant scientist- mathematician. Planets go in ellipticals. Directly argued that Copernicus was correct.
|
|
|
Galileo
|
1632- "Dialogue concerning the two Great World Systems"- experiementation. discoveries on motion and acceleration. seems to be defying pope. 1633 tried for heresy in Reformation.
|
|
|
2 methods developed in 17th century
|
Bacon-inductive reasoning-knowledge about universe through observation and experimentation. Descartes-deductive reasoning-conclusions based on general principles. General principles toward specific.
|
|
|
Descartes
|
Doubt as a form of thinking to arrive at thruth. God central to his thinking.
|
