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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Holocaust
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-crisis that erupted in the 1930s in Europe
-means "burnt offering" -holos=whole, caust=offering -connotes sacrifice, offering to whom? -disputed because using religious terms makes the nazis seem like priestly figures -The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. |
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Shoah
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-hebrew word meaning annihilation
-connotes horrible event you can't understand why it happened -transcends time and space -catastrophe -synonym for the Holocaust |
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Victor Frankl
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-Austrian psychoanalyst
-Mauthausen resident -wrote man's search for meaning -account of his experience -gropued people into decent and indecent |
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Fischer Controversy
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-historian who blamed Germany for WWI
-tried to show Germany's blame for WWI and the rise of Hitler -WWI produced Hitler -w/o WWI, no hitler/holocaust -Germany's grasp for power |
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Sonderweg ("Special Path")
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-germany followed a special path to hitler
-analyzed stresses and strains of pre-WWII germany: -late industrial revolution -pre-1871 history -rise of class soceity -culmulative overlap -more than what germany could handle -no way out other than war -Germany had to go to war in 1914 |
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Historikerstreit ("historians quarrel")
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-quarrel that erupted in the 1980s
-neoconservative revival -started when S. Nota said that the Nazi catastrophy should be seen as a great civil war -defensive reaction to soviet racial killings: gulab, holocaust -because they feared the soviets, they had to fight back -bolsheviks murder leading to the holocaust -bad explanation -shaky causality |
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Functionalism
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-no master plan, Hitler not important
-no order in Hitler's hand for final solution -stress contingency, improvisation -whole system created internal rivalry and radicalism -inner quarrel and more radical solutions |
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Intentionalism
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-focuses on hitler's intention to kill Jews
-master plan laid out in Mein Kampf -one great man, no system |
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pogrom
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-laws against jews
-russian verb meaning to destroy, wreak havoc -mob riots -russians would destroy Jewish settlements -1st round: 1881-82, after the assassination of Tsar Alex II -1903=Kishinev Pogrom -led to the Jewish emigration to the US, 5000 Jews injured |
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pale of settlement
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-majority of Jews in Eastern Europe lived in an area called the Pale of settlement
-Western Russia, Ukraine, Baltic states -where traditional Jews would have lived -lived in shtetls -little towns -very poor -yiddish -traditional -unique culture -limited area -4% of Russian empire, home to 90% of Russian Jews |
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Dreyfus Affair
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-wrongful conviction of Jew Alfred Dreyfus
-convicted of treason and espionage in 1894 -real culprit was a non Jewish high level officer that was spying for the Germans -divided French society to the brink of civil war |
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political antisemitism
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-opportunist antisemitism
-used as a propaganda tool -arose in Germany in 1871 -something to draw people to platform -sometimes economically motivated (Jews were thought to have a knack for finance) |
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religious antisemitism
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-oldest form of antisemitism
-Judeo-Christian rivalry -goes back to the first century AD -endorsed by Church fathers -deicide |
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blood libel
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-accusation of Jewish people using blood sacrifice on Passover=kidnap Christian children and use blood
-1882 Hungary -1913 Bailey's Case -1946 Poland, Kieke=pogrom in response to a blood libel |
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Adolf Stoecker
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-important political antisemite
-Christian workers' party -A staunch antisemite, Stoecker was a believer in Verjudung, the idea that German culture was being corrupted by the newly-emancipated Jews. Upset with the dislocating social effects brought on by rapid industrialization, he called for German society to rededicate itself to Christian faith and return to Germanic rule in law and business |
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Karl Lueger
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-mayor of Vienna
-admired by Hitler -selective antisemitism: used it to bait the masses -for him, Jews could be baptized and saved, race didn't matter |
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deicide
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-jews thought to have killed Jesus
-killing of God |
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Bluebeard's Castle
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-story with the wife and the heads
-we have to seen the holocaust in terms of religion, jews are hated because they invented the ideas of conscience -demands are so harsh that no one can fulfill them -to avenge themselves on the Jews, christians kill them -by killing Jews, christians try to recreate hell on Earth: easier to recreate and kill people who created morals |
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Theodor Fritsch
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-came up with the antisemites catechism
-said: -be proud of being german -the Jew was the foe -keep blood pure, no intermingling -no social intercourse -no violence against the Jew -not a widespread phenomenon at this point |
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Protocols of the Elders of Zion
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-myths that developed
-from the time of the French Revolution -someone said Jews were to blame for the French Revolution -Russian secret Service publishes protocols, which are a forgery -two main themes: -method by which Jews will dominate the world -description of Jewish world state to be established -Jews are dangerous -provided ideology for Nazi party -provided a warrant for genocide |
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racial antisemitism
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-developed by the Nazis
-influenced by Darwin's origin of species and natural selection -racial ladder implied you could climb and a struggle -survival of the fittest -made race an immutable category |
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Sarajevo 1914
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-Jun 28, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by serbian nationalist Gabriel Princeps
-Princeps wanted the creation of yugoslavia -catalyst to WWI |
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Otto von Bismarck
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-iron chancellor
-wanted to secure Germany within its borders -negotiated a series of treaties with Austria Hungary and Russia to create a system of alliances -Germany was centrally surrounded=bordered by great powers |
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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-took power in 1888
-loved expansionism -wanted "a place in the sun for Germany" -reason for imperialist Germany -disregarded the alliance systems in place at that point: neglected to renew treaty with russia -started an aggressive naval building program |
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Herero
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-group of people in SW Africa who started a war with Germany
-natives -rose up in 1905 against the oppressive German regime -aligned themselves with the Nama -led to brutal suppression -prelude to genocide -80% of them died, the rest went into the desert -features in the war against these people similar to those used by the Germans in WWI -cultural practices of suppression carried on into new regime |
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Schlieffen Plan
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-created by general Alfred Schlieffen
-planned for a two-part war with Russia and France in 1892 -quickly defeat france and then attack Russia (slower to mobilize) -don't want a two-front war -6 weeks to France's downfall -predicted a short war, no plans for long-term involvement -problems: russians mobilized early and didn't anticipate british involvement |
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Jew Count 1916
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-when high command in Germany's favor fell, tried to subvert attention by counting Jews in the army
-shock to german jews -singled out -when economy went bad, rumors of somebody profiteering in the war=Jews=shirkers -results never published -rumor -Jews lost faith that they would ever be able to integrate |
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Russian Revolution 1917
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-2 revolutions: bolshevik and popular
-feb: was the first of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It occurred March 8–12 (February 24–28 Old Style) and its immediate result was the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the collapse of Imperial Russia and the end of the Romanov dynasty -provisional government established, but mistakenly continues to fight WWI -oct: bolsheviks take power -lenin establishes a socialist state -germany can focus on the west in WWI -everyone afraid of communism |
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Erich Ludendorff
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-successful german general on Eastern Front in WWI
-realized by sep 1918 that they couldn't say Germany was winning anymore -demanded parliamentary gov in Germany to appease allies, too late |
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November Revolution
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-german navy against British fleet
-suicide mission -The roots of the revolution can be found in the social tensions of the German Empire, its undemocratic constitution and the unwillingness or inability of its leaders to reform. -The revolution was triggered by the policy of the Supreme Command and the decision of the Naval Command in the face of defeat to deliver one last battle to the British Royal Navy. -The sailor’s revolt which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. |
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Freikorps
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-former soldiers that formed corps and are used by the young republic to crush uprisings
-new German army |
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Stab-in-the-back
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-social democrats signed the armistice
-claims that they didn't have to sign it -which attributed Germany's losing the war not to military defeat on the battlefield, but to the public's failure to respond to its "patriotic calling" at the most crucial of times, and to intentional sabotaging of the war effort, particularly by Jews, Socialists and Bolsheviks |
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Paris Peace Conference 1919
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-Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors in World War I to set the peace terms for Germany and other defeated nations, and to deal with the empires of the defeated powers following the Armistice of 1918.
- At its centre were the leaders of the three great powers— President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain , and Georges Clemenceau of France. |
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Treaty of Versailles-Clause 231
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-punitive peace dictated to germans
-war guilt clause -put in there mainly by the French -responsible for causing all loss and damage and aggression of allies -only germans responsible -a little too harsh? |
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Polish Corridor
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-was established from 70% of the dissolved former province of West Prussia
-The creation of the corridor aroused great resentment in Germany, and all post-war German Weimar governments refused to recognize the eastern borders agreed at Versailles, and refused to follow Germany's acknowledgment of its western borders in the Treaty of Locarno of 1925 with a similar declaration with respect to its eastern borders |
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Article 48
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-gave emergency power to the president to rule by decree
-vague -allowed hitler into power |
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Kiel
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-Kiel was the site of the sailors' mutiny which sparked the German Revolution in late 1918. Just before the end of World War I, the German fleet stationed at Kiel was ordered to be sent out on a last great battle with the Royal Navy. The sailors, who thought of this as a suicide mission which would have no effect on the outcome of the war, decided they had nothing to lose and refused to leave the safety of the port.
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Lebensraum
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-living space
-served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany's territorial aggression. In his book Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum – for a Grossdeutschland, land, and raw materials – and that it should be taken in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis to kill, deport, Germanize or enslave the Polish, and later also Russian and other Slavic populations, and to repopulate the land with reinrassig Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class. |
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Philip Scheidmann
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- German Social Democratic politician, who proclaimed the Republic on 9 November 1918, and who became the second Chancellor of the Weimar Republic.
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Dragnach Osten
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"drive toward the East"
-was a term coined in the 19th century to designate German expansion into Slavic lands.[4]. The term became a motto of the German nationalist movement in the late nineteenth century |
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NSDAP
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was a political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945. It was known as the German Workers' Party (DAP) before the name was changed in 1920.
-national socialist party |
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Reichstag
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Reichswehr
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Volk-volkisch
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Volksgemeinschaft
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paramilitary organizations
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Hermann Rauschning
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Great Crash 1929
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Paul von Hindenburg
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SA
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KPD
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