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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nihon
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Another name for Nippon, or Japan
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Haniwa
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clay figures used in funeral rites and sometimes burial during the Kofun period
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Wa
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Chinese character for Japan, oldest recorded name for Japan
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Himiko or Pimoko
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shaman princess and ruler of Yamatai, combined religious and political power
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Wei
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kingdom of china that existed from the 1st to 4th century and had contact with Japan
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Yamatai
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legendary mini-state whose location is debatable
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Yamato
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Ancient name for Japan and a term referring to the period encompassing the Kofun and Asuka periods
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Okimi
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great king - the guy who defined it said it's the name of a poet.... look into it b
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be
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specialist worker during the Yamato state
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uji
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ruling family/clan linked by blood, for example the Sogas
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kabane
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court title
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kami
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sprirts believed to inhabit everything in the Shinto religion, they can be good or bad
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Soga
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a clan during the Yamato state that specialized in writing and supported Buddhism. Ended in 645 after coup d'etat. (Ended?**)
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Prince Shotoku
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Regent who created a constitution and reforms modeled after the Chinese; he was a soga and many legendary claim are made about him
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Taika reforms
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laws put into place after the Soga clan stating the absolute authority of the Emperor, the loose unification of states under the emperor, and a new system of taxation
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ritsu-ryo
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complex legal codifications system based on the Chinese Confucianist system that intended to establish an idealized order of social relationships and obligations, popular during the Nara period
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kuni
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country
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tenno
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descent or descending from heaven
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Emperor Temmu
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gains the throne after winning Jinshin disturbance over next to rule; used politics and religion to strengthen the power of the emperor
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Kojiki
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712 CE: also known as "records of ancient matters," stories about the ancient Japanese gods and why the emperor has the right to rule - he is an ancestor of the sun god, so the Kojiki legitimizes the government
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Nihon shoki or nihongi
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another early writing discussing the emperor and connections with the mainland
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man'yoshu
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the first great anthology of Japanese verse, containing over 4,500 poems
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buddha
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the founder of buddhism and known as the Supreme Buddha
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bodhissatva
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according to Buddhism, someone who has achieved nirvana but stays behind on earth to help others
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samsara
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the cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth in Buddhism that is caused by karma, this cycle stops when one reaches nirvana
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nirvana
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a Buddhist's goal - reaching a state of enlightenment and detachment so he can stop being reborn and end the cycle
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mahayana
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"Great Vehicle," a type of Buddhism, it taught that the historical Buddha was a temporary and relatively unimportant manifestation of the cosmic Buddha. Cosmic Buddha is in everyone, so everyone has the ability to be saved
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dharma
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the body of teachings expounded by the Buddha
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todaiji
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a temple near Nara with a huge bronze statue of Buddha
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Emperor Kanmu
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Moved the capital from Nara to Nagoaka, then to Heian-kyo, now known as Kyoto, marking the beginning of the Heian period
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tendai
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founded by Saicho on Mt. Hiei, characterized by specialized and fighting monks; believed in the bodhissatva; benevolent towards other religions; all life, not just human life, is basically the same
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Saicho
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founder of Tendai Buddhism, studied Buddhism in China
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Mt. Hiei
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mountain near edge of Kyoto where Tendai Buddhism was founded
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Shingon Buddhism
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Buddhist branch founded by Kukai during the Heian period; believed it's possible to reach enlightenment during one's lifetime; practiced mudra (sacred gesture), mantra (sacred incantations), and mandala (sacred picture)
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Kukai
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founder of Shingon Buddhism
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Mount Koya
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Mountain near Kyoto where Shingon Buddhism was founded
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Fujiwara
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a family clan that held great power during the Heian period by marrying their daughters to members of the imperial family; through this they had a monopoly over sessho and kanpaku, giving them virtual dictatorial control and weakening the power of the emperor
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sessho
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regent assisting a child emperor before he is old enough during the Heian period
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kanpaku
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Chief advisor of the emperor during the Heian period; the sessho can become a kanpaku when the child emperor comes of age
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waka
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first form of poetry during the Heian period, written in the vernacular and kana script
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monogatari
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literature during the Heian period, usually by women. Written in quick simple style of writing using kana
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Genji monogatari
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Tale of Genji is considered by some to be the world's first novel; written by Murasaki Shikibu during the Heian period
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Sei Shonagon
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female writer during the Heian period, author of the Pillow Book
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samurai
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local warrior elites; originally vassals of powerful families, paid in exchange for their loyalty and protection
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shogun
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the most powerful warlord in Japan; formally nominated by the emperor but was more powerful than he was
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insei
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retired emperors who had lots of influence; challenged Fujiwara power at court; no longer emperor, they could own vast estates; often patrons of warriors
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shoen
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hereditary estates during the Heian period. Originally, all land was owned by the government except that of temples, the imperial family, and newly developed land, but after a while and pressures by the wealthy and influential, shoen became hereditary. They also became tax-exempt, immune from inspection and interference. This leads to public lands being less rewarding (compared to those who worked for the shoen) so public lands are abandoned and the shoen become more powerful
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Minamoto (Genji)
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powerful clan from the West allied with the imperial family; have conflict with the Taira in the Hogen conflict and the Genpei War; eventually formed the Kamakura bakufu
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Taira clan
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strong clan from the East, lost in the Genpei War as seen in Tale of the Heike
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Taira no Kiyomori
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general near the end of the Heian period, he controlled the Taira clan and was the main character in Tale of the Heike but died early during the Genpei War
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Minamoto no Yoritomo
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founder and first shogun of the Kamakura bakufu, appointed by emperor Go-Toba
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Minamoto no Yoshitsune
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Yoritomo's little brother, and general of the Minamoto clan during the late Heian and early Kamakura period. In the end, conflicts made him turn against his brother and join the Fujiwara clain, but then he was betrayed and killed**
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Kamakura
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period of Japanese history when the Kamakura bakufu started by Yoritomo was in control; marked by: transition to land-based economies, advanced military technologies, strong warrior class, and popularization of Buddhism; it ended with destruction of the shogunate and reestablishment of imperial rule under Go-Daigo
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bakufu
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system of government of a feudal military dictatorship; the shogun had the highest rank and his officials took care of the government while the emperor had only nominal power
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shogun
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military title and highest rank, esp in Kamakura period
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shikken
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**
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shugo
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military governor that presided over and controlled the provincial governor; in time they would supplant the provincial governors, live in the capital, and even have shugodai, or "delegate governors"
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jito
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managed private estates, including ones directly managed by the provincial governor
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gokenin
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vassals of the shogun under the Kamakura bakufu; typically the provincial governors were gokenin
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kokushi
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provincial governors with jurisdiction over a provincial army, appointed by the Kamakura bakufu and usually gonkenin
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hojo
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a family of regents of the Kamakura shogunate; a part of the Jokyo Disturbance in 1221; overthrew emperor Go-Daigo and oversaw the Kamakura bakufu until Go-Daigo returned
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Go-Daigo
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emperor who attempted to regain power to the emperor so he terminated the power of the cloistered emperor; exiled and defeated by the Hojo but then retruned and regained power
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Kenmu Restoration
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In 1333, an attempt by Go-Daigo to merge military and civil power and give it to civil governors and to have a central government with local administration - an attempt to overthrow the bakufu
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Ashikaga Takouji
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a general of Minamoto lineage under the emperor of Go-Daigo; in 1336 he overthrew Go-Daigo, was appointed shogun, and set up the Ashikaga bakufu in Kyoto, which wwas marked by less control of the military class
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shugo-daimyo
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vassals appointed constables, usually heads of powerful families; over time they became more powerful, charged higher taxes, and became civil leaders and territorial lords
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Onin War
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1467-1477: war in Kyoto and surrounding areas; conflict between Hosokawa family and the Yamana family about controlling the bakufu but in the process control over the provinces was lost to the new daimyo and shikki rights to the shoen were lost**
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za
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trade guilds developed during the Muromachi period; gre out of cooperative protection between merchants and temples/shrines; merchants traveled and transported goods in groups for protection against bandits, samurai, and daimyo; temple was market place with protection
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ichi
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peasant markets
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mappo
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"Age of the Dharma Decline;" during mappo, people are unable to attain enlightenment alone, society becomes corrupt blahh**
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amida
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principle Buddha inAmida Buddhism**
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Honen
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founder of first branch of Pure Land Buddhism, or Jodoshu, he was an ex-Tendai monk
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Jodoshu
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1175: most widely practiced sect of Buddhism in Japan; gave people e a simple Buddhist practice that everyone could use even during mappo
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Nenbutsu
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a prayer to Amida, believed one could reach nirvana through prayer and recital
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Jodoshinshu
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a school of Amidism founded by Shiran; being a monk isn't necessary for enlightenment; emphasizes relying on Amida through nenbutsu; second largest school of Buddhism in Japan today
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Shinran
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founder of Jodoshinshu
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zen
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school of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation and abandoning rational thought or religious ritual in order to reach enlightenment
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Bodhidharma
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patriarch of Zen, brought Zen from India to China
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Eisei
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brought Rinzan (Zen) Buddhism to Japan, emphasized koan
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koan
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a training practice aimed at triggering an understanding of one's true nature
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dogen
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the founder of the Soto school of Zen in Japan
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Zazen
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a means of completely eliminating the and body as a conscious entity
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nichiren
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Nichiren believed that the highest teachings of Buddha were to be found in the Lotus Sutra, which he venerated through the mantra
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mura
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village
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ikki
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revolts, many kinds: peasant, monk, strong man etc
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Sakai
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now Osaka, was a port city bustling with trade and was center of domestic trade**
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Nanban
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"southern barbarians," which is what sixteenth century Japanese called Europeans and other foreigners
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Sengoku Daimyo
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daimyo of the warring states period; these military lords held small but consolidated domains in which all the land belonged to them
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Oda Nobunaga
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powerful warrior and leader who throughout his life managed to consolidate much of Japan under his leadership**
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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took Nobunaga's place after his death, continued to unify Japanese domains, but focused more on peace and alliances than warfare
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Kokudaka
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average annual productivity of the land, taxation was based on this during the Tokugawa bakufu
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Tairo
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a council of the five most powerful daimyo, they oversaw all important affairs of the state
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bugyo
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a council of five commissioners sharing the execution of the decision of the Tairo
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Picking up where Nobunaga and Hideyoshi left off, Tokugawa unitied Japan under the newly instated Tokugawa bakufu established in his new city of Edo. In 1603 he assumed the title of shogun, in 1605 he retired but led the Osaka campaign later in life
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Sekigahara
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the decisive battle won by Ieyasu that established Tokugawa control over a now unified Japan
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Baku-han
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a mixed, compound system of government that combined central government with local autonomies. For example, the local government asked for taxes, but it was up to the han to decide how to collect them
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han
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local autonomy
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Shinpan-daimyo
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collateral members of the Tokugawa family became very important daimyo with large and important provinces
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Fudai-daimyo
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allies of the Tokugawa before the battle of Sekigahara; rewarded usually with small but strategically located provinces around the Kanto plain, and powerful and prestigeous jobs/appointments in government
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Tozama-daimyo
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Allies of the Tokugawa only after the battle of Sekigahara; punished with small and/or distant provinces
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Sankinkotai
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system of alternating residence in the capital; daimyo had to live in the capital every other year to rpevent them from becoming powerful at home and challenging the bakufu; also while in the province, their family was held hostage in the capital and it was very expensive for the daimyo to travel back and forth
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rojo
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"elder," high ranking position in the Tokugawa bakufu; supervised powerful daimyo; compiled maps, charts,and other government records
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jisha bugyo
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ministers/admins of religious affairs; oversaw temples and shrines
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ometsuke
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chief censors/inspectors of Tokugawa Japan; had special duty of detecting and investigating maladministration, corruption, or disaffection, the CIA of shogun basically
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Machi bugyo
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magistrates or admins in shogunal cities in Tokugawa Japan
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kanjo bugyo
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ofiiciala during the Tokugawa period, similar but less powerful than machi bugyo
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kuge
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courtiers in Tokugawa society
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shi
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samurai during the Tokugawa society
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no
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peasants
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ko
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artisans
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sho
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merchants
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eta
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outsiders of Japanese society, performed "unclean" acts like handling dead bodies
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hinin
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"nonpersons," worse than eta, like criminals
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buke shohatto
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1615 and changed 1635: set of laws that Tokugawa daimyo followed
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fumie
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practice in which people were made to step on images of Christ to show that they were not Christian
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shimabara
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where peasants, mostly Christian, rose up in 1637-1638 for a combination of economic and religious grievances, brutally subdued
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deshima
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Dutch trading port during the isolated-ish Edo period; only the Chinese and Duth could trade directly with Japan, and only through certain ports, this being one of them
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daikan
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admins in charge of lands held by shogun
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hanshi
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senior expert considered a teacher of teachers
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goningumi
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Village council set up among peansants; set up "alliances" of families to work together but were also supposed to spy on one another; entire village was punished for one person's fault
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chonin
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townsmen, or merchants, they flourished socially and economically with Edo during the Tokugawa period
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Tokaido
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important route connecting Tokyo and Kyoto during the Edo period; many travelers and so checkpoints and stations to control yet accommodate them
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