Hi Block Ii Id/sigs

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Belief that representative government safeguards popular liberties, and that all citizens must practice vigilance and virtue to prevent their rulers from becoming tyrants (monarchs). Mid 18th century to mid 19th century classical view.

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Republicanism

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First national constitution, congress approved in NOV 1777, ratified by all states FEB 1781. Government by national legislature, continuation of 2nd Cont Congress. Body could declare war, make peace, conduct diplomacy, coin money, issue currency. Could NOT levy taxes or regulate trade. Power of purse and lawmaking rested with states.

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Articles of Confederation

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Way of regulating and admitting states to union. Congressional control, 5000 gives legislative representative in congress without vote, 60,000 gives statehood, whole territory could be divided into 3 to 5 states. Guaranteed basic rights, outlawed slavery above Ohio River. This ordinance was a denial of Jefferson's proposal of 10 state division in 1784.

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

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Redefinition of the role of women promoted by reformers in 1780s-90s, believed that success of repub. gov. depended on educated and independent minded mothers who would raise children to be informed and self-reliant citizens. This ideal fostered improvements in women's educational opportuinites and gave them role in civic life, but also reinforced idea that they remain at home.

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Republican Motherhood

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In 1785, Americans couldn't legally navigate the Miss river which was the western border of the states, because Spanish owned it. Spanish don't want Americans to cross into territory and take their land. Spain convinces John Jay to accept treaty in which US gives up rights to Miss river for 25 years, Spain grants trading privleges to rich American merchants. Treaty falls through, but southwesterners think it betrays them in favor of the wealthy.

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Jay-Gardoqui Treaty

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In 1786, farm wages and prices fell sharply, farmers could not afford to pay mortgages and debt, no relief measures were passed. Summer 2000 farmers led by Daniel Shays closed county courts and marched on arsenal at Springfield, state militia quelled uprising by Feb 1787. Fears of pure democracy

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Shays's Rebellion

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May 1787 2nd Cont Congress meets to frame Constitution, VA plan: single house, each state has representaion proportional to population. NJ plan: each state is equally represented, no executive

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Virginia Plan/ New Jersey Plan

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AntiFederalists want national bill of rights in constitution guaranteeing individual freedoms from federal government: 10 amendments added in 1791.

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Bill of Rights

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Hamilton's financial program: national government should fully fund (paid in full) all $52 million of the revolutionary war debt, and that federal government assume responsibility for $25 mil in state debts.

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Funding and Assumption

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idea of constitution: nonliteral or literal

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Implied Powers / Strict Construction

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Hamilton imposes excise taxes in 1791. Summer 1795, whiskey producers in Pennsylvania rebel, seize courts in Pittsburgh. Washington invokes martial law, calls upon militia.

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Whiskey Rebellion

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Two parties emerging in 1790s especially 96 election. One party supports: natural aristocracy, last stand against excess democracy, established social order, government should regulate individual behavior, fear of mob, encourage commerce and manufacturing (Adams, Hamilton). Other party: traditional Revolutionary fear of government power, support agriculture, virtue, individualism, the West, fear of financial institutions (Jefferson, Madison)

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Federalists/Republicans

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passed by congress 1798 under Adams. Authorizes pres to arrest and deport aliens suspected of treasonable leanings, established heavy fines and imprisonment for writing/speaking/publishing anything false/scandalous/malicious against the government.

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Alien and Sedition Acts

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Follwoing crisis over Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798, legislatures (republican controlled) of VA and KY respond with resolutions that Const. is compact among sovereign states that delegates limited powers to federal government, states have right to impose authority in response to abuses ((KY by Jeff, VA by Madison)

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

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American clergy and the French Revolution

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Deism

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1803, as Adams leaves office and Jefferson comes in, Adams issued late appointment of William Marbury as justice of peace in DC, commision is undelievered, Marbury is not appointed, he then sues. Justice John Marshall rules in favor of Madison but establishes judicial review.

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Marbury v Madison

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April 1803, Napoleon needs money for war in Europe, offers (to Monroe and Livingston) not just to sell New Orleans but all of territory, they accept for $15 million, adds 830000 miles and doubles country's size.

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Lousiana Purchase

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During war between France and Britain in 1807, British and French ships harass American ships and seize sailors, Jefferson prohibits ships from tradiing with foreign ports and stops exports so that the countries will recognize America's importance

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Embargo Act of 1807

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1814 near end of 1812, New England colonies meet to protest war, they discuss secession, when Jackson wins in New Orleans and as Treaty of Ghent is revealed, Federalist party is killed.

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Hartford Convention

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1817-25, partisan bitterness abates, Federalists have dissolved after war and no longer attacking the president, essentailly united as Democratic Republican single party

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Era of Good Feelings

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Built 1818-25, stretches from Albany to Buffalo, reduces cost of shipping goods and speeds up process across country, links East to West and makes wilderness of Illinois Fronteir accessible

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Erie Canal

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cotton gin, interchangeable parts

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Eli Whitney

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1819 Court upholds constitutionality of 2nd National Bank, "necessary and proper" implied powers

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McCulloch v Maryland

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cycle brought on my changes in American market

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Boom-Bust Cycles

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First major depression in US history, price of cotton collapses in Europe and takes the rest of the economy with it, land values plummet, demand for western foodstuffs and eastern manufactured goods and services falls off

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Panic of 1819

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1818 Missouri (w/ 10,000 slaves) wants to become state, Union had 11-11 state balance at the time, 1820 Henry Clay promotes compromise which admits Mizzou as slave state and ME as free state, slavery is abolished forever above 36'30 line (southern boundary of MO)

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Missouri Compromise

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Election of 1824, Andrew Jackson wins most elector votes, but no one wins majority, 12th amend House picks winner, Clay was speaker of the house, he influences decision so that JQ Adams wins, Adams then chooses Clay as sec of state, Jackson protests.

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Corrupt Bargain

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1938 Martin Van Buren orders Army to round up 15,000 Cherokee in GA and forces them west, 1/4 die

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Trail of Tears

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majority can abuse the minority just as harshly as a king - Alexis de Tocqueville

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Tyranny of the Majority

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Congress imposes tariff of abominations, South Carolina protests, John Calhoun issues SC Exposition and Protest which states that states have the right to nullify federal laws that violate Congressional authority, Jackson eventually achieves compromise

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Nullifcation Crisis

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Nicholas Biddle, pres of National Bank, increases bank's power and dominates state banks, Biddle applies for renewal of bank charter in 1832 four years early during election, Jackson decides to kill it by witholding charter, withdrawing federal deposits

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Bank War

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During Jackson's second term, new party unites under Henry clay, these parties go at it after 1836. Traditional jeffersonians of the people vs. market supporters

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Whigs/Democrats

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second great religious revival, evangelical attitude that eventually led to fight for women's suffrage and abolition

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Second Great Awakening

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idea that the man works and woman stays home. It was also an effort for women to redefine their role in society.

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Separate Spheres

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Unlimited potential of the indivudal, emotion as source of truth, freedom from institutions, humanitarianism.

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Romanticism

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In 1517, Martin Luther's 95 theses in response to Catholic corruption (indulgences), sparked the growth of independent protestant churches in Germany based on faith rather than the works of the Catholic Church. By 1520's, other independent churches developed (Calvinism), ultimately shattering the unity of Christendom.

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Protestant Reformation

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Europeans in the late 1500s sought to settle NOrth America to search for this route to the Orient, where the majority of imported goods came from.

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Northwest Passage

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From 1584-1590, English settlers attempted to colonize this area in Virginia, resulting in disaster.

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Roanoke

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In this year, John Smith first established the House of Burgesses in Virginia, the first major tobacco crop was harvested, and the first slaves were brought on a Dutch ship to America.

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1619

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These time-bound workers had their voyage to America paid for in return for years of service.

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Indentured Servants

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In 1676, VA governer Berkeley decided to build forts to guard against Indians, but settlers and Bacon wanted an expedition. They went on a slaughter, then turned on governer, but Bacon eventually died of dysentery. It pitted land-hungry former indentured servants against tobacoo-rich gentry. Afterwards, Virginans turned away from indentured servitude and took steps to make African slavery teh permanent and sole solution to its labor problems.

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Bacon's Rebellion

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The brutal journey from Africa to America.

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Middle Passage

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This general led the colonization of Georgia in 1732, and attempted to establish an idealistic society for worthy poor Protestants. He outlawed slavery and hard liquor. The ideal society failed.

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James Oglethorpe

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These settlers came on the Mayflower in November of 1620. They believed there was no hope of reforming the too-Catholic Church of England. They had been persecuted in England since they began worshiping secretly in 1570, had sought safety in Holland, and finally came to America for religious freedom.

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Pilgrims (Separatists)

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This group of Protestant settlers in America made up a second wave of wealthier Congregationalists in 1629. They obtained a royal charter and organized the Mass. Bay Co., and hoped to reform and purify the Church of England, not separate from it

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Puritans

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The belief that people's state of grace had been determined before their birth.

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Predestination

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This group of tribes became well armed from Dutch trade, destroyed the Hurons, and began intregrating other tribes during the Beaver Wars throughout the 17th century. By 1700, New France had helped broker peace between them and Indian nations to the west.

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League of the Iroquois

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These people believed in plain and serious customs, did not show respect to social superiors, and did not swear oaths or make war. They were persecuted in England. William Penn led a colonization in Pennsylvania as a refuge, 21,000 by 1700.

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Quakers

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In 1688, James II attempted to dispense with Parliament, and had embraced Catholicism. Parliament forced him into exile, and elvated his daughter Mary and husband William of Orange to the throne. They reinstated representative assemblies in the northern colonies, and dismembered the Dominion of New England, which had been an attempt to centralize colonization. They gave Mass a new charter--a single royal colony headed by governor of the Crown, imposed religious toleration, and made property ownership the basis of voting rights.

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Glorious Revolution

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This belief of the 18th century within Scottish and Irish Presbyterians and English Anglicans included belif in free grace, and field meetings and prayer societies were held.

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New Light Christianity

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This was a militant Scottish Presbyterian sect founded by Richard Cameron which led violent removals of clergy, and became a regiment in the English army.

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Cameronians

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In 1754, 7 colonies met in New York, and Ben Franklin wrote a plan in which a federal council of representatives from each colony would take responsibility for united defense, no colony approved the plan

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Albany Plan of Union

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East-West strife in South and North Carolina between coastal planters and inlanders who they denied political representation and legal institutions led to these two movements. In 1760s, backland SC farmers organized after a refusal by coastal settlers to set up courts in the backcountry, they acted as vigilantes and threatened Charleston before the east finally extended cour to the west. Western NC organized to protest local government corruption, as farmers seized courts and fought militia. They were crushed at the Battle of Almanac in 1771, but left NC with enduring hostility.

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Regulation Movements

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In 1739 SC, this was the largets revolt of the colonial period, as 100 slaves led by Jemmy seized arms from coastal district Stono and killed several whites before they were killed

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Stono Rebellion

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This was a 17th and 18th century intellectual movement that emphasized science, rationality, and progress. One of its gvreatest political therorists was John Locke. It brought about a new way of thinking throughout the colonies

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Enlightenment

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This was a 1730s religious movement of Presbyterians and Congregationalists in Middle Colonies and New England. It was a evangelical and "new birth" movement led by inspiring travelling minsters like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. The new revivals left colonials even more devided, as churches split into factiosn that either supported or condemned the revivals, and hostilities increased between Anglicans, Baptists, and Presbyterians.

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Great Awakening

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Prior to the French and Indean War (1754-63), the British paid little attention to their North American colonies. There were few British taxes, and royal governers had to give colonial representative assemblies increased power in exchange for public funds. This practice of virtually ignoring the colonies was was known as:

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Benign Neglect

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After Pontiac's Rebllion in 1763, in which Ottawan tribes fought British outposts, the British issued this order. It prohibited white settlement past the Appalachian Mountains, in order to ease Indian fears and keep colonials confined to the seaboard where they were more easily controlled by the empire.

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Proclamation Line of 1763

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After the French and Indian War, Britain's debt had doubled, and they earned only 1600 pounds after spending 384000 pounds on the colonies. In order to raise revenue, Britain instituted these acts, which included: the Sugar act of 1764, which cracked down on smuggling, the 174 Currency Act, which prohibited colonies from making paper money, the 1765 Quartering Act, which obliged colonies to provide troops with lodging, and the Stamp Act of 1765, which taxed legal documents, customs papers, newspapers, cards, dice, and other material. Moreover, all violators of the stamp act were to be tried without juries in admiralty courts.

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Grenville Acts

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Americans rejected the idea that British representatives living so far away could fairly represent them in Parliament, and demanded that they should have elected officials directly accountable to their constituents.

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Virtual Representation / Actual Representation

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A response to the Boston Tea Party of Decemer 16 1773, these 1774 acts closed Boston harbor, reorganized Massachusetts government, restricted town meetings, authorized the quartering of British troops in private homes, and provided for the trial of imperial officials in England, Canada, or some other friendly British colony. Enraged colonists responded by convening the First Continental Congress.

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Coercive/Intolerable Acts

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In January of 1776, Thomas Paine wrote this work, which discussed the indentity and destiny of colonials. He supported republicanism and claimed that it was common sense that the colonies owed no allegiance to the king.

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Common Sense

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He was an English radical, journalist and politician. He was charged with seditious libel for criticizing George III's speech endorsing the Paris Peace Treaty of 1763. He was arrested with unconstitutional warrants and was soon restored to his seat. American colonies closely followed his case, as his struggles convinced many colonists that teh British constitution was being subverted by a corrupt ministry.

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John Wilkes

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Delegates gathered in this assembly on May 10 1775, one month after Lexington and Concord. Even strong advocates did not openly seek separation for Britain over the spring and summer. However, they authorized creation of the Continental money, and issued paper money. After belligerent rejection by George III of the Olive Branch petition, and Common Sense in 1776, America closed off trade with Britain, and finally issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4 1776.

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Second Continental Congress

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This 1775 petition affirmed American loyalty to George III but asked him to disavow British imperial policies toward America. George rejected it.

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Olive Branch Petition

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This justification of revolution enumerated the abuses of George III, and affirmed the right of teh people to overthrow oppressive rule. It was written by 33yr-old Thomas Jefferson, and adopted by Congress on July 4 1776.

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Declaration of Independence

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These were Americans who would not back the rebellion, supporters of the king and Parliament. They were about 1/5 of the population in 1775. They were most prevalent in colonies that had experienced internal strife: New York, NJ, PA, Carolinas (especially Carolina backcountry, where influential local men and the old resentment of settlers against easterners came out) (former land ritoters of NY and NJ also were loyalists) (government officials, city merchants who depended on British trade, ANglicans outside of the South, Georgians (newwest colony), Highland Scots)

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Loyalists

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At this battle, General Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold led victory over 9500 redcoast under John Burgoyne attacking from Quebec, Burgoyne tries to flee back to Canada but ultimately surrendered at this town on October 17, 1777. This was a momentous victory for the colonies, as it convinced France that American victory was possible

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Saratoga

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In June of 1781, Arnold and Cornwallis fortified this city as a last stand. By the end of September, they were trapped between a French naval force of 7800 and an American fighting force of almost 9,000, Cornwallis surrendered here on October 19 1781

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Yorktown

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This treaty was signed on Sep 3, 1783. It was negotiated by Franklin, Adams, and Jay. Britain recognized independence of the United States, established Miss River as western boundary, 31st parallel as southern, and border of Canda as north. France approved the treaty.

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Treaty of Paris

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This slave revolt was led by a literate slave preacher from southeastern Virginia. In 1831, he and six other slaves murdered his owner, and eventually killed 57 whites with a backing of 70 slaves. It was eventually put down, but it left white southerners in the region uneasy.

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Nat Turner's Rebellion

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In response to Nat Turner's Rebellion, a number of Virginia's western counites with few slaves petitioned the legislature to adopt a program for gradual emancipation. Between January 16-25 1832, the House of Delegates held this debate over slavery, eventually refusing to end slavery 73-58. It was the last significant attempt of white southerners to challenge slavery. After it, southern leaders began defending slavery as a positive good, and no longer debatable.

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Virginia Debate of 1832

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After the VA debate of 1832, southern leaders like John C Calhoun began defending slavery as a positive good for whites and blacks, using scripture, Locke, and comparisons to factory workers in the North.

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Proslavery Thought

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The belief that American social, political, and economic system should spread, as ordained by Providence

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Manifest Destiny

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At first, Mexico encouraged American immigration to Texas, where only 3000 Mexicans lived. 1821 Moses Austin established a colony. 1829 Mexico abolished slavery, 1830 passed anti-immigration laws, both measures fail. Mexico repeasl acts in 1833, but ill-will already exists. 1834 Santa Anna attempts to enforce regime, Texans launch full scale rebellion. Eventually, Texas gains independence in 1836.

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Texas Revolution

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After General Scott captures Mex. City in 1847, Mexico ratifies this peace treaty in 1848. Transferred half of Mexico's territory (.5 million square miles) to US including Texas. In return US recalls army, gives Mex 15 mil $. This brings vast new territories into the Union, forces slavery to center of national politics, threatens to upset North-South balance.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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This party was formed in 1848 election between Cass and Taylor. It was an antislavery coaltition formed by Northern Democrats loyal to Van Buren and conscience Whigs, named Van Buren as candidate. He won a good number of votes. in 1852 election free soil candidate received 1/2 the votes of Van Buren following the Missouri Compromise 1850, suggested a temporarily stronger Republic

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Free Soilers

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Henry Clay submitted this compromise in January 1850, including several propositions: California admitted as free state, Mexico cessation organized into NM and Utah with popular sovereignty, Congress abolishes slave trade in DC, new Fugitive Slave Act to have national government enforce runaway slave laws. By September 17, aided by death of anti-compromise Taylor, the bill passes and is signed into law by Fillmore.

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Compromise of 1850

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Ill senator Stephen Douglas wanted to immediately organize the territories with popular sovereignty to gain allies who would vote for Transcontinental railroad to go through Chicago. He had already tried to organize it with ban on slavery, but bows to southern pressure, this act passes in May 1854: it creates two new territories. Nebraska guaranteed to be free, Kansas fought over. The act outrages northern Democrats, Whigs,and Free Soilers, who believed that the Slave Power would gain new territory.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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Slave has no right that whites have to respect, 7-2 ruling issued by Roger Tanney, federal government had no power to restrict people from moving property anywhere in the union, and Congress had no power to ban slavery from any territory. This, compounded with the KS-NE act and Panic of 57, led to resentment from the North

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Dred Scott Decision

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October 16, 1859, a group of 21 led by a fiery abolitionist seized the fedearl armory at Harper's Ferry in Virginia. This was a blow weakening the forces of compromise and moderation, as many northerners held public displays of sympathy for his hanging.

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John Brown's Raid

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After creation of Confederate States of America in 1861, Senator Crittenden of KY proposed this constitutional amendment extending to CA the Missouri Compromise line of 36 30, slavery would be prohibited north of the line and given federal protection south of it in all territories, and it would be an unamendable amendment. The compromise failed, as the Republicans and secessionits now had now interest in making concessions.

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Crittenden Compromise

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September 22, 1862, after Antietam, Lincoln issued this proclamation declaring all Confederate slaves free unless allegiance returned by Jan 1 of 63, excluded union slave states, tennesse, and other slave areas under Union control.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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In August of 1861 Congress passed the first federal income tax in order to finance its massive campaign.

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First Federal Income Tax

Front 85

Lincoln used this in specific areas after the firing on Fort Sumter in order to detain anyone suspected of disloyalty or activity against war. The Constitution permitted this in time of rebellion or invasion, but he did it without consulting Congress, and he eventually expnded it in 1862 to all of the North. It initially was a tactic to secure Maryland to prevent Confederate sympathizers from speaking out in the state election, which secured a complete Union victory.

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Suspension of Habeas Corpus

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In July 1863, after the first draftees' names were drawn in NYC, workers in the Irish quarter rose up in anger, by the tiem order was restored 105 people had died.

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New York City Draft Riots

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After 1864 election, Lincoln uses all influence to pass this bill, which passes in the House on January 31 1865. This amendment abolished slavery.

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13th Amendment

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1st of July, this battle begins. Over two days, Union loses 23000, which is 1/4 of Potomac Army's force, but Lee uses 28000, which is more than a 1/3 of his force. never again can Confed. asssume the offensive.

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Gettysburg

Front 89

This involved Lincoln's 10% Plan, which would recognize state governments when 10% of qualified voters from 60 took a loyalty oath. This was too lenient. Johnson's program moved quickly to restore states, limited suffrage to white citizens, did not demand renunciation of secession or ratifiaction of 13th amendment. Southern states did not follow his recommendations, established black codes, elected Confederate leaders to office. Johnson continually vetoed bills passed by Congress, especially those supporting black rights. Eventually, Congress began overriding vetoes and began own program of reconstruction

Back 89

Presidential Reconstruction

Front 90

This program began with teh first Reconstruction Act in March 1867. It was repassed over a Johnson veto. Placed 10 unreconstructed states under military command, included black male adults as voters but not former Confederates barred by 14th amendment. states were required to ratify 14th. Then a state could send reps to Congress. White soutehrners resist. Congress enacts second Act, ordering local military commanders to enforce it. Impeached Johnson after he dismissed Secretary of war Stanton.

Back 90

Congressional Reconstruction

Front 91

This amendment was proposed by the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. Represented moderate terms. Guaranteed payment of national war debt, prohibited payment of Cofed. debt, disqualified prominent Confeds from holding office, gave Congress right to reduce representation of state without impartial male suffrage, defined citizenship (made blacks citizens), guranteed equal protection of laws, ratified in 1868.

Back 91

14th Amendment

Front 92

February 1869, this amendment forbade any state to deny the right to vote based on grounds of race, color, or servitude. still had loopholes that disenfranchised blacks (literacy/property requirements)

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15th Amendment

Front 93

Hayes (Repub) and Tilden (Dem) tied 50-50 in the 1876 election, this compromise had Hayes supporters agree to withdraw fed troops from the south and not oppose Dem state governments, Dems dropped opposition to Hayes' election and pledge to respect black rights. Reconstruction and Republican rule had come to an end

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Compromise of 1877