Hf2 Yokota Cv And Kidney (1)

Front 1

Cardiovascular system uses _____ to increase Oxygen transport rates.

Back 1

Convective transport and diffusion

Front 2

T/F Oxygen diffusion is at a rate sufficient for metabolism.

What is the rate?

Back 2

True
<500 microns/s

Front 3

Problems of mass and size of a multicellular organism

Back 3

Transport
Locomotion
Communication

Front 4

Benefits of being a multicellular organism

Back 4

Specificity
Buffering from environment

Front 5

Homeostasis

Back 5

- Maintenance of extracellular environment within narrow limits suitable for cells
o pH, temperature, pO2, pCO2, osmolality, ionic composition and nutrients

Front 6

What 6 transport functions does the cardiovascular system serve?

Back 6

Oxygen
Nutrients – sugars, amino acids, lipids etc.
Metabolic wastes – CO2, Nitrogenous wastes, etc.
Hormones
Heat
Cells – transport for WBC and platelets

Front 7

If a cow no longer had a functioning cardiovascular system what would happen to it in terms of heat?

Back 7

The cow's body heat would increase dramatically and the cow would be very unhappy (dead)

Front 8

The cardiovascular system is considered a closed system. What is the reality of the matter?

Back 8

1.) Closed System – macroscopically, from rheological point of view
a. We have about 5-6 liters of blood which remains as a constant
b. In reality we do have mass exchange in the lungs and also due to the convective transport

Front 9

In the cardiovascular system we have constant _____ but variable ____.

Back 9

constant pressure, but variable flow

Front 10

The pulmonary and systemic circuits are serviced by two pulsatile pumps that are set up in ______.

Back 10

The pulmonary and systemic circuits are serviced by two pulsatile pumps that are set up in series

Front 11

What is the benefit of the branching organization of the cardiovascular system - in particular what does this organization mean in terms of the organs being supplied with blood?

Back 11

The organs are set up in parallel. Think of it like a water company. Everyone (organ) receives fresh water (blood). Each person can also receive a variable amount of water (varied amount of blood to each organ)

Front 12

Unidirectional blood flow

Back 12

directionally imparted by valves
a. Valves function passively
b. Ensure undirectionally

Front 13

What ensures unidirectional blood flow in the blood vessels?

Back 13

valves that function passively.

Front 14

Cardiovascular system:

Compliant

Back 14

Compliant – relates to the ease and distensibility of a structure. How easy is it to push a large amount of blood into this structure

Front 15

Constant pressure and variable bloods supply provides _________ _________ blood flow.

Back 15

continuous peripheral blood flow

Front 16

Typical Aortic pressure:
Typical Pulmonary Artery Pressure:

Back 16

Aortic Pressure: 120/80
Pulmonary Artery Pressure 25/15

Front 17

Role

Arteriole

Back 17

RESISTANCE

important in controlling blood flow to the tissues by exchanging bloods with capillaries, they offer the highest resistance.

Front 18

Role

Capillaries

Back 18

EXCHANGE

are much smaller than arterioles but there so many more that their net resistance is lower than in the arterioles. Exchange occurs here

Front 19

Role

Venules

Back 19

EXCHANGE

Front 20

Role

Arteries

Back 20

CONDUIT

are conduit vessels because they offer a rapid and low resistance pathway to the organs with very little pressure loss

Front 21

Role

Veins

Back 21

CAPACITANCE b/c Highly compliant

are called capacitance (2/3 to ¾ of the total volume) and are compliant so they hold most of the blood volume at any one time.
Compliant – relates to the ease and distensibility of a structure. How easy is it to push a large amount of blood into this structure

Front 22

Vessel characteristics as they relate to resistance...

1.) Caliber
2.) Number of vessels

Back 22

1.) Caliber – big vessels less resistance, small vessels large resistant

2.) How many vessels are there. More = lower resistance

Front 23

Why is the resistance of capillaries smaller than arterioles?

Back 23

Despite the fact that arterioles are larger than capillaries there are FAR MORE CAPILLARIES than arterioles, which = lower resistance in capillaries

Front 24

What are the basic functions of the Kidneys?

Back 24

1.) HOH excretion – body volume regulation
2.) Salt excretion
3.) Excretion of Metabolic wastes – nitrogenous waste and drugs
4.) Acid-base regulation
5.) Endocrine function:
a. Renin – Enzyme that forms angiotensin
b. Erythropoietin – hormone stimulates RBC production
c. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Front 25

What are the Endocrine functions (3) of the Kidneys?

Back 25

Endocrine function:
a. Renin – Enzyme that forms angiotensin
b. Erythropoietin – hormone stimulates RBC production
c. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Front 26

How does the heart respond to neural, hormonal and local feedback?

Back 26

Through
- Blood Volume
- Blood Pressure
- Blood Chemical Sensors

Front 27

How do the Kidneys respond to neural, hormonal and local feedback?

Back 27

- Reduce/Conserve blood volume
- Excrete/Conserve plasma electrolytes

Front 28

Ventricular Ejections

Describe Right ventricular ejection in terms of changes to walls and movements.

Back 28

o Shortening of the free wall
o Compression of the chamber (bellows action)

Front 29

Ventricular Ejections

Describe left ventricular ejection in terms of contraction. What effect does this have on the RV

Back 29

o Contraction reduces the diameter of the ventricular chamber and tends to shorten base to apex length of the ventricle.
o Causes a “right ventricular assist”, which reduces the volume in RV chamber
 Thus the RV can tolerate an infarct because of this assist

Front 30

Ventricular Ejections

“right ventricular assist” is caused by what?

Back 30

Contraction of the left ventricle

Front 31

T/F The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle.

Back 31

True

Front 32

T/F The left ventricle has a circular shape

Back 32

True

Front 33

What is the ventricular myocardium composed of?

Back 33

It is composed of oblique and horizontal spiral muscles

These shorten the circumference (inner diameter) and long axis of the ventricle upon contraction.

Front 34

Papillary muscles ensure that the ventricles contract _______.

Back 34

simultaneously

Front 35

What are the two semilunar valves and what structures are they between?

Back 35

Pulmonic valve -> lungs to LA
Aortic Valve -> Tissue to RA

Front 36

T/F Major coronary arteries lie on the surface and go into smaller arterioles into the heart

Back 36

True

Front 37

Heart contractions can _____ coronary blood flow. Constrictions of muscles generally _____ their own blood flow.

Back 37

impede

Front 38

Subsystems of the Heart

what are the 5 subsystems?

Back 38

1.)Electrical conduction system
2.)Autonomic Nervous System
3.)Cardiac muscles
4.)Heart Valves
5.)Coronary circulation

Front 39

Subsystems of the Heart

Electrical conduction system - what's the order?

Back 39

SA and AV nodes; bundle of His, Purkinje Fibers

Front 40

Subsystems of the Heart

Autonomic Nervous System
1.) Two systems
2.) _______ innervations of ventricular cells has great effect on the myocardium

Back 40

1. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic innervations
2. Sympathetic

Front 41

Subsystems of the Heart

Cardiac muscles are called

Back 41

myocardium

Front 42

Subsystems of the Heart

Heart Valves: 2 main types

Back 42

Atrioventricular and semilunar valves

Front 43

What are the two AV valves and what structures do they connect?

Back 43

Tricuspid Valve: RA -> RV
Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve: LA->LV

Front 44

What functional purpose do the papillary muscles and chordeae tendinaea serve?

Back 44

PREVENT EVERSION OFBLOOD from ventricles to atria

The function of the (Tricuspid valve RA->RV) Chordeae Tendinaea and (Mitral- Bicuspid valve LA->LV – also have CT) Papillary muscle is to prevent eversion of blood from the ventricles back into the atrial chambers