Hf 10.2/6/8/10/12/14/16

Front 1

What are the 3 probable causes of aircraft accidents and what percentages?

Back 1

80% human error

10% technical

10% environment

Front 2

What does CRM stand for and what is it?

Back 2

Crew Resource Management

Applying human factor concepts to improve team performance and achieve safe and efficient flight operations

Front 3

What do the letters SHELL stand for in the shell model?

Back 3

S - Software

H - Hardware

E - Environment

L - Liveware (Pilot)

L - Liveware (Other people in or out of aircraft)

Front 4

The 2 primary objectives of Human Factors

Back 4

Safety and efficiency

Front 5

Where did the concept of human factors originally arise from?

Back 5

Aircraft accident investigation

Front 6

What does NTS stand for and what is it?

Back 6

Non-Technical Skills

Attitudes and behaviours not directly related to aircraft control or SOPs.

Eg: Crew coordination, communication, stress, situational awareness.

Front 7

Define Human Factors

Back 7

The study of human capabilities, limitations and behaviours to improve safety and efficiency.

It covers aviation psychology, physiology and ergonomics in terms of man/machine interface.

Front 8

Key features of good airmanship (8)

Back 8

1) Good aviation practices

2) High standards in the air

3) Remain rational & cool

4) Display common sense

5) Process information adequately

6) Make reasoned decisions

7) Think clearly

8) Communicate effectively

Front 9

Key features of the perfect pilot (9)

Back 9

1) Consistent and dependable

2) Flexible

3) Safe

4) Knowledgeable

5) Flies accurately never dangerously

6) Confident but not overconfident

7) Can be replied upon to fly the aircraft well

8) Makes good decisions

9) Does the job, keeps out of trouble

Front 10

Shape of the SHELL model and where are the letters?

Back 10

Front 11

How does the body know how much breathing is required?

Back 11

Lungs detect level of waste carbon dioxide which tells the brain how much breathing is required

Front 12

How does altitude affect oxygen supply to the lungs?

Back 12

Oxygen needs to be supplied at a cergain pressure to penetrate the lining of the lungs (and diffuse into the blood stream).

Front 13

What are the units of air pressure and what is it at sea level?

Back 13

Psi or mm/in of mercury

14.7psi or 760mm/Hg

Front 14

As you increase altitude, what happens to the atmosphere gas makeup in terms of percentage and volume?

Back 14

Percentages/makeup remains constant, volume/quantity decreases

Front 15

Composition of air by percentage?

Back 15

Nitrogen 78%

Oxygen 21%

Other 1%

Front 16

Relationship between air composition and pressure

Back 16

Percentage of a substance in the air is equal to the percentage of total atmospheric pressure.

Eg: Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere therefore 21% of total atmospheric pressure

Front 17

Normal partial pressure of oxygen outside the lungs that is breathed in?

Back 17

150 mm HG

Front 18

Minimum partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs for normal function

Back 18

102 mm HG

Front 19

How do you calculate partial pressure of oxygen entering the lungs at 10000ft where atmospheric pressure is 522 mm/HG?

Back 19

21% of 522

Front 20

At what altitude is pressure 1/2 and 1/4 that of sea level?

Back 20

1/2 18 000ft

1/4 34 000ft

Front 21

What happens to partial pressure inside the lungs after breathing in? Why and to what pressure?

Back 21

Reduces due to water vapour and CO2. Down to 102 mm/HG

Front 22

Pressure helps oxygen molecules go across what to get to the bloodstream?

Back 22

Alveolar membrane

Front 23

What is Hypoxia and how is it caused?

Back 23

Insufficient oxygen in the blood due to insufficient pressure to penetrate the lining of the lungs.

Front 24

How is oxygen transported within the bloodstream?

Back 24

Haemoglobin molecules via Arteries

Front 25

How is CO2 removed from the body?

Back 25

Haemoglobin molecules via veins

Front 26

What is the cabin altitude in most pressurised aircraft?

Back 26

6000 - 8000 ft AMSL

Front 27

10 Symptoms of Hypoxia

Back 27

1) Fuzziness or thick feeling of the head

2) Slowness of thought

3) Poor judgement

4) Failing memory

5) Clumsiness

6) Euphoria

7) Mental fixation

8) Visual disturbances especially colour

9) Hyperventilation

10) Blue skin around lips & fingernails

Front 28

Why can Hypoxia be difficult to detect?

Back 28

Onset can be subtle

Front 29

Factors that affect tolerance to Hypoxia (6)

Back 29

1) Anything that requires your body to use more oxygen: Moving quickly, cold temperatures, G forces

2) Illness / hungover

3) Anaemic

4) Fatigue

5) Smoking

6) Carbon monoxide

Front 30

What is oxygen paradox?

Back 30

Hypoxia symptoms temporarily worsen when placed on oxygen, do not remove oxygen!

Front 31

What is meant by Time of "Useful consciousness"

Back 31

The amount of time you have after becoming Hypoxic to recognise and do something about it.

Front 32

Useful consciousness time frame at 18,000 25,000 & 35,000 ft

Back 32

18000: 15 to 30 mins

25000: 3 to 5 mins

35000: 45 to 75 seconds

Front 33

What is Hyperventilation?

Back 33

A lowering of carbon dioxide in the blood due to larger, more frequent breathing. This reduces the acidity of your blood

Front 34

Causes of Hyperventilation (9)

Back 34

1) Excessive worry

2) Anxiety

3) Fear

4) Pain

5) Loud noise

6) Vibration

7) Excessive heat

8) Airsickness

9) G-forces

Front 35

Symptoms of Hyperventilation (7)

Back 35

1) Rapid breathing

2) Light headed / dizzy

3) Numbness & tingling

4) Hand spasms

5) Pain

6) Fainting

7) Red face (sometimes)

Front 36

Concerning difference between Hypoxia and Hyperventilation

Back 36

Unlike Hypoxia, if you collapse from Hyperventilation your breathing will return to normal and you'll recover after a few minutes. Hypoxia can do seriously damage to the brain and is life threatening.

Front 37

Treatment of Hyperventilation?

Back 37

Paper bag over mouth, regulate breathing, increase CO2 in the blood

Front 38

What is Barotrauma?

Back 38

The affect altitude has on gas cavities in the body - relationship between pressure and volume. Eg: you decrease pressure (with altitude) = volume of trapped gasses will expand.

Front 39

What 4 areas of the body are affected by Barotrauma? And whose Law describes it?

Back 39

Middle ear, sinuses, GI tract, teeth

Boyle's Law

Front 40

What is meant by volume and pressure's relationship being linear?

Back 40

One goes up, the other goes down (and vice versa). Eg: pressure drops by half, volume doubles

Front 41

What rate can trapped gasses in the body expand?

Back 41

By 40% at 7000ft

Front 42

What is the tube called that connects the inner ear to the nasal cavity?

Back 42

Eustachian tube

Front 43

How do you unblock your ears or sinuses - what is the name of the maneuver and what do you do?

Back 43

Valsalva Maneuver

1) Tilt head back 10 deg

2) Pinch nose

3) Exhale

Front 44

Are your ears more likely to block on accent or descent?

Back 44

Descent

Front 45

What is another term for decompression sickness?

Back 45

"The bends"

Front 46

What is decompression sickness? (DCS)

Back 46

Forming of nitrogen bubbles in the blood and other issues from divers surfacing too quickly

Front 47

Cause of DCS?

Back 47

Greater pressures under water = greater pressure of nitrogen inhaled by divers = increased nitrogen density = increased nitrogen inhaled and therefore more of it in the blood

Front 48

How does DCS occur?

Back 48

During decompression if the diver surfaces too quickly nitrogen bubbles form in the blood.

Front 49

Symptoms of DCS?

Back 49

1) Joint pain

2) Itchiness

3) Numbness

4) Tingling/paralysis

5) Co-ordination/movement issues

6) Loss of consciousness

Front 50

Why is it dangerous to fly sfater diving and how long should you wait?

Back 50

Flying is effectively further decompression.

24 hours

Front 51

Treatment of DCS?

Back 51

Oxygen

Hyperbaric chamber

Front 52

Effects of positive G forces as well as Hypoxia on vision (4)

Back 52

1) Loss of colour

2) Loss of peripheral vision

3) Blurring

4) Total loss (whilst still conscious)

Front 53

Water refraction due to heavy rain on the windscreen can give the illusion of what?

Back 53

Being at a higher altitude

Front 54

Sunglass should have these 3 aspects, avoiding what and when should you not wear them?

Back 54

Impact resistant

Transmit 10-15% of light

Filter out ultraviolet rays

Avoid polarised

Don't wear when it's not bright!

Front 55

What is Anemia?

Back 55

Reduced amount of red blood cells or haemoglobin

Front 56

Which mixture does the body require to create energy?

Back 56

Oxygen and nutrients, including glucose

Front 57

Which of these is most sensitive to lower levels of oxygen and can cause Hypoxia?

Liver

Lungs

Heart

Brain

Back 57

Brain

Front 58

Is the main cause of Barotrauma a gradual or sudden change in air pressure?

Back 58

Sudden

Front 59

Result of not treating DCS ("The bends")

Back 59

Unconsciousness and Death

Front 60

Apart from oxygen, are any other gases inhaled and attach to hemoglobin?

Back 60

No