Hesi A2 Study: Endocrine And Hormones

Front 1

Anterior pituitary.

Back 1

The anterior part of the "master gland" (pituitary gland) which is located in the brain and controls the production of other hormones in the body. The anterior pituitary specifically produces:
-PRL: prolactin.
-GH: growth hormone.
-ACTH: adrenocorticotropin.
-TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone.
-LH: luteinizing hormone
-FSH: folicle stimulating hormone.

Front 2

Posterior pituitary.

Back 2

The posterior part of the "master gland" (pituitary gland) which is located in the brain and controls the production of other hormones in the body. The posterior pituitary specifically produces:
-Ocytocin.
-ADH: antidiuretic hormone.

Front 3

Hypothalamus.

Back 3

Lies just above the pituitary gland in the brain. It releases hormones that start and stop the release of pituitary hormones such as:
-GH release: growth hormone releasing hormone.
-TRH: thyrotropin-releaing hormone.
-CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone.
-GnRH: gonadrotropin- releasing hormone.
-Prolactin-inhibiting hormone.

Front 4

Thymus.

Back 4

Very large after a child is born and largest at puberty. Then its tissue is replaced by fat. It secretes humoral factors. Humoral factors help to develop the lymphoid system.

Front 5

Pineal Gland.

Back 5

Melatonin.

Front 6

Testes.

Back 6

Testosterone.

Front 7

Ovaries.

Back 7

-Estrogen.
-Progesterone.
-Inhibin.

Front 8

Thyroid.

Back 8

Small gland inside the neck, located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. Controls metabolism and produces:
-T3: tri-iodothyronine
-T4: thyroxine.

Front 9

Adrenal Glands: adrenal cortex.

Back 9

-Glucocorticoids such as cortisol.
-Mineralcorticoids such as aldosterone.

Front 10

Adrenal Glands: adrenal medulla.

Back 10

-Epinephrine (adrenaline).
-Norepinephrine.

Front 11

Parathyroid.

Back 11

Controls calcium and phosphorous levels in the body by producing:
-PTH: parathyroid hormone.

Front 12

Pancreas.

Back 12

Helps the body maintain healthy blood sugar (glucose) levels by producing:
-Insulin.
-Glucagon.

Front 13

Prolactin (PRL).
(origin, target, effect)

Back 13

-Origin: anterior pituitary.
-Target: mammary glands, testes.
-Female: milk synthesis.
-Male: increased LH sensitivity and testosterone secretion.

Front 14

Growth hormone (GH).
(origin, target, effect)

Back 14

-Origin: anterior pituitary.
-Target: liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat.
-Widespread tissue growth, especially in the stated tissues.

Front 15

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
(origin, target, effect)

Back 15

-Origin: anterior pituitary.
-Target: adrenal cortex.
-Growth of adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoids.

Front 16

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
(origin, target, effect)

Back 16

-Origin: anterior pituitary.
-Target: thyroid gland.
-Growth of thyroid, secretion of thyroid hormone.

Front 17

Luteinizing hormone (LH).
(origin, target, effect)

Back 17

-Origin: anterior pituitary.
-Target: ovaries, testes.
-Female: ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum.
-Male: testosterone secretion.

Front 18

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
(origin, target, effect)

Back 18

-Origin: anterior pituitary.
-Target: ovaries, testes.
-Female: growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen.
-Male: sperm production.

Front 19

Ocytocin (OT).
(origin, target, effect)

Back 19

-Origin: posterior pituitary.
-Target: uterus, mammary glands.
-Labor contractions, milk release.
-Possibly involved in ejaculation, sperm transport, sexual affection, and mother-infant bonding.

Front 20

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
(origin, target, effect)

Back 20

-Origin: posterior pituitary.
-Target: kidneys.
-Water retention via water resorption in the collecting ducts.

Front 21

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).

Back 21

-Origin: hypothalamus.
-Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL).

Front 22

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

Back 22

-Origin: hypothalamus.
-Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Front 23

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Back 23

-Origin: hypothalamus.
-Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Front 24

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).

Back 24

-Origin: hypothalamus.
-Promotes secretion of growth hormone (GH).

Front 25

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH).

Back 25

-Origin: hypothalamus.
-Inhibits secretion of prolactin (PRL).

Front 26

Somatostatin (hypothalimic)
(origin, target, effect)

Back 26

-Origin: hypothalamus.
-Target: anterior pituitary.
-Inhibits secretion of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Front 27

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 27

-Origin: adrenal medulla.
-Target: most tissues.
-Promotes alertness; mobilize organic fuels; raise metabolic rate; stimulate circulation and respiration; increase blood glucose level; inhibit insulin secretion and glucose uptake by insulin-dependent organs (sparing glucose for brain).

Front 28

Aldosterone.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 28

-Origin: adrenal cortex.
-Target: kidneys.
-Promotes Na+ and water retention and K+ excretion; maintains blood pressure and volume.

Front 29

Cortisol and corticosterone.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 29

-Origin: adrenal cortex.
-Target: most tissues.
-Stimulate fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, and tissue repair.

Front 30

Dehydroepiandrosterone.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 30

-Origin: adrenal cortex.
-Target: bone, muscle, integument, brain, and many other tissues.
-Precursor of testosterone; indirectly promotes growth of bones, pubic and axillary hair, aprocrine glands, and fetal male reproductive tract; stimulates libido.

Front 31

Insulin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 31

-Origin: pancreatic islets.
-Target: most tissues.
-Stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake; lowers blood glucose level; promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis.

Front 32

Glucagon.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 32

-Origin: pancreatic islets.
-Target: primarily liver.
-Stimulates amino acid absorption, gluconeogenesis, glycogen and fat breakdown; raises blood glucose and fatty acid levels.

Front 33

Melatonin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 33

-Origin: pineal gland.
-Target: brain.
-Uncertain; may influence mood and sexual maturation.

Front 34

Thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 34

-Origin: thymus.
-Target: immune cells (T lymphocytes).
-Stimulate T lymphocyte development and activity.

Front 35

Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3).
(origin, target, effect)

Back 35

-Origin: thyroid gland.
-Target: most tissues.
-Elevate metabolic rate and heat production; increase respiratory rate, heart rate, and strength of heartbeat; stimulate appetite and accelerate breakdown of nutrients; promote alertness and quicken reflexes; stimulate GH secretion and growth of skin, hair, nails, teeth, and fetal nervous system.

Front 36

Calcitonin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 36

-Origin: thyroid gland.
-Target: bone.
-Lowers blood calcium by stimulating bone deposition (moving calcium from blood to bone), mainly in children.

Front 37

Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
(origin, target, effect)

Back 37

-Origin: parathyroid glands.
-Target: bone, kidneys, small intestine.
-Raises blood calcium level by stimulating bone resorption and inhibiting deposition, reducing urinary calcium ion excretion, and enhancing calcitriol synthesis.

Front 38

Somatostatin (pancreatic).
(origin, target, effect)

Back 38

-Origin: pancreatic islets.
-Target: stomach, intestines, pancreatic islet cells.
-Modulates digestion, nutrient absorption, and glucagon and insulin secretion.

Front 39

Pancreatic polypeptide.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 39

-Origin: pancreatic islets.
-Target: pancreas, gallbladder.
-Inhibits release of bile and digestive enzymes.

Front 40

Gastrin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 40

-Origin: pancreatic islets.
-Target: stomach.
-Stimulates acid secretion and gastric motility.

Front 41

Estradiol.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 41

-Origin: ovaries.
-Target: many tissues.
-Stimulates female reproductive development and adolescent growth; regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy; prepares mammary glands for lactation.

Front 42

Progesterone.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 42

-Origin: ovaries.
-Target: uterus, mammary glands.
-Regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy; prepares mammary glands for lactation.

Front 43

Inhibin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 43

-Origin: ovaries, testes.
-Target: anterior pituitary.
-Inhibits FSH secretion.

Front 44

Testosterone.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 44

-Origin: testes.
-Target: many tissues.
-Stimulates fetal and adolescent reproductive development, musculoskeletal growth, sperm production, and libido.

Front 45

Cholecalciferol.
(origin, effect)

Back 45

-Origin: skin.
-Precursor to calcitriol.

Front 46

Calcidiol.
(origin, effect)

Back 46

-Origin: liver.
-Precursor to calcitriol.

Front 47

Angiotensinogen.
(origin, effect)

Back 47

-Origin: liver.
-Precursor to angiotensinogen II.

Front 48

Erythropoietin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 48

-Origin: liver, kidneys.
-Target: red bone marrow.
-Promotes red blood cell production, increases oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

Front 49

Hepcidin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 49

-Origin: liver.
-Target: small intestine, liver.
-Promotes iron absorption and mobilization.

Front 50

Insulin-like growth factor I.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 50

-Origin: liver.
-Target: many tissues.
-Prolongs and mediates action of GH.

Front 51

Angiotensinogen I.
(origin, effect)

Back 51

-Origin: kidneys.
-Precursor to of angiotensinogen II, a vasoconstrictor.

Front 52

Calcitriol.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 52

-Origin: kidneys.
-Target: small intestine.
-Increases blood calcium level mainly by promoting intestinal absorption of calcium ions.

Front 53

Atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 53

-Origin: heart.
-Target: kidney.
-Lower blood volume and pressure by promoting sodium ion and water loss.

Front 54

Cholecystokinin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 54

-Origin: small intestine.
-Target: gallbladder, brain.
-Bile release; appetite suppression.

Front 55

Gastsrin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 55

-Origin: stomach.
-Target: stomach.
-Stimulates acid secretion.

Front 56

Ghrelin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 56

-Origin: stomach.
-Target: brain.
-Stimulates hunger, initiates feeding.

Front 57

Peptide YY.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 57

-Origin: small intestine.
-Target: brain.
-Produces sense of satiety, terminates feeding.

Front 58

Leptin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 58

-Origin: adipose tissue.
-Target: brain.
-Limits appetite over long term.

Front 59

Osteocalcin.
(origin, target, effect)

Back 59

-Origin: osseous tissue.
-Target: pancreas, adipose tissue.
-Stimulates pancreatic beta cells to multiply, increase insulin secretion, enhances insulin sensitivity of various tissues, and reduces fat deposition.

Front 60

Estrogen, progesterone (non-glandular)
(origin, target, effect)

Back 60

-Origin: placenta.
-Target: many tissues of mother and fetus.
-Stimulate fetal development and maternal bodily adaptations to pregnancy; prepare mammary glands for lactation.

Front 61

Tropic hormones.

Back 61

Act mainly on other endocrine glands.