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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The heart is located inside the rib cage. It can be found approximately between the ____ and the ____ rib. |
2nd to 6th |
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The cavity that holds the heart is called the ___________ cavity. |
pericardial |
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Which part of the heart requires thicker muscle to pump the blood? (atria/ventricles) |
ventricles |
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Oxygenated blood from the lungs goes into the ________. |
left atrium |
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Deoxygenated blood from the body goes to the _______. |
right atrium |
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The _________ node sets the pace and signals the atria to contract. The ________ node picks up the signal from the _________ node, and this signal tells the ventricles to contract. |
sinoatrial node atrioventricular node sinoatrial node |
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Blood vessels are lined with _______, which is made out of type of cells as the enocardium and serves the same purpose--to keep the blood from sticking to the walls and clotting. |
endothelium |
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The lungs get blood through the _________ artery that comes out of the right ventricle. |
pulmonary artery |
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The aortic arch branches what arteries? |
Braciocephalic artery Left common carotid artery Left Subclavian artery |
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The braciocephalic artery further divides into the __________ artery. |
right subclavian |
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Veins use ______, _______, and ______ to get the blood to the heart. |
inertia muscle work gravity |
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The lungs have their own set of veins: _______, _______, _______, and _______ pulmonary veins. |
left right superior inferior |
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How much blood is in the human body? |
4-5 liters |
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There are two classes of WBC's: |
granular leukocytes agranular leukocytes |
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What are examples of granular leukocytes? |
neutrophils eosinophils basophils |
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What are examples of agranular leukocytes? |
lymphocytes monocytes |
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Plasma forms _____% of the total blood volume. |
55% |
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Plasma consists of up to 90% of _____. |
water |
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4 steps in oxygenating blood:
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1. poorly oxygenated blood comes into right atrium 2. blood passes into right ventricle and sent off the pulmonary artery = oxygenation 3. oxygen rich blood comes back into left atrium through pulmonary veins and moves into left ventricle 4. blood in left ventricle sent off into AO |
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The veins of the stomach and intestines don't carry the blood directly to the heart. They direct it through the ________ first. |
hepatic portal vein |
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The heart chamber with the thickest wall is: a) the left atrium b) the right ventricle c) the right atrium d) the left ventricle |
d) the left ventricle |
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The blood from the left ventricle goes to: |
the aorta and aortic arch |
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The interior of the windpipe is lined with mucus-producing cells called _______ cells. |
goblet cells |
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Bronchioles branch off of the _______ bronchi. |
tertiary |
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What are bronchioles made of? |
smooth muscle elastic fiber tissue |
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The diaphragm is a structure made of _________. |
skeletal muscle |
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The internal intercostal muscles help with ________ and external intercostal muscles help with ________. |
internal = expiration external = inspiration |
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_____ is a term for the breathing our body does when resting, which consists of mostly shallow breaths with an occasional deep breath. |
Eupnea |
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The air that we breathe in through the mouth enters the throat at the: a) nasopharynx b) oropharynx c) laryngopharynx d) larynx |
b) oropharynx |
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What part of the bone is red bone marrow found in? |
diaphysis |
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The human skeleton has _____ ribs. |
12 |
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The first _____ ribs are known as true ribs. |
7 |
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There are _____ carpal bones with _____ metacarpals. |
8 carpals 5 metacarpals |
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The two lower leg bones are called the ______ and ______. |
Tibia Fibula |
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Which of the lower leg bones are the largest? |
Tibia |
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Smooth muscle is also called ________ muscle. |
visceral |
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What two muscles cannot voluntarily contract? |
cardiac and smooth/visceral muscles |
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Difference between Type I Skeletal muscle and Type II? |
Type I: fibers contract slowly and used for stamina and posture Type II: fibers contract more quickly |
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Type IIA and IIB fibers are found where? |
Type IIA: legs and are weaker fibers Type IIB: arms and are stronger fibers |
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Which is the strongest type of skeletal muscle? a) Type I b) Type II A c) Type II B d) Type III |
c) Type II B |
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What are the layers of the meninges? |
Dura mater (outer part durable part) Arachnoid mater Pia Mater |
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What is under all of these layers of meninges? |
subarachnoid space |
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What directly covers the surface of the brain and spinal cord? |
pia mater |
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What is in the subarachnoid space? |
CSF |
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Which brain matter consists of unmyelinated interneurons and which has myelinated interneurons? |
Gray matter = unmyelinated White matter = myelinated |
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The brain can be divided into three distinct parts: the ________, the _________ and the __________. |
encephalon (forebrain) mesencephalon (midbrain) rhombencephalon (hindbrain) |
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The proencephalon is further broken down into two regions: _______ and ________. |
cerebrum diencephalon |
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The surface of the cerebrum is called the ________. |
cerebral cortex |
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What kind of matter is the cerebral cortex made out of? |
gray matter |
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The name of the characteristic grooves in the cerebral cortex are ______ and ______. |
sulci and gyri |
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The cerebral cortex functions include: |
thinking using language |
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What is the central white matter within the cerebrum? |
corpus callosum |
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The regions located within the white matter of the corpus callosum are: the _______ and the _______. |
basal nuclei limbic system |
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The basal nuclei controls and regulates what? |
movement of muscle |
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The limbic system plays a role in _______, _______ and ______. |
memory
emotions survival |
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The diencephalon is the structure formed by the _________, ________ and the _________. |
thalamus hypothalamus pineal gland -all on top of each other |
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The thalamus is made out of two ______ matter masses. |
GRAY |
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Where is the thalamus located? |
around the third ventricle of the brain |
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What is the role of the thalamus? |
To route the sensory signals to the correct parts of the cerebral cortex |
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The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating _______, _______, _______, ________, _______ and ______. |
hunger thirst BP Heart rate body temp changes hormones production |
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What directly controls the pineal gland? |
Hypothalamus |
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What hormone does the pineal gland produce? |
melatonin |
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The regions of the mesencephalon include the ________, _______, and _______. |
Tectum Cerebral Peduncles Substantia Nigra |
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The rhombencephalon consists of the ________ and the ________. |
brain stem cerebellum |
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The brain stem is further broken down into the _________. |
medulla oblangata |
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The medulla oblangata connects the brain stem to the _____. |
Pons |
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What is located between the medulla oblangata and the midbrain and in front of the cerebellum? |
Pons |
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The inner portions of the cerebellum are the _______ and the _______. |
cerebellar cortex and the arbor vitae |
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? |
31 |
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How many cranial nerves are there? |
12 |
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The part of the PNS that we can consciously control is the _______. |
Somatic Nervous system (skeletal muscles) |
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The part of the PNS that we CAN'T consciously control is the ______. |
Autonomic Nervous System (visceral and cardiac muscle) |
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The ANS is further divided into ______, ______ and ______ nervous systems. |
sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric |
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The part of the neuron that is mainly responsible for transporting information from the cell is called the a) soma b) axon c) dendrites d) sulci |
b) axon |
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The neurons that signal muscles to contract are called: a) neuroglia b) afferent neurons c) interneurons d) efferent neurons |
d) efferent neurons |
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Cerebrospinal fluid can be found in all of the following except: a) arachnoid mater b) the central canal c) the ventricles d) the subarachnoid space |
a) arachnoid mater |
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The hypothalamus is located in the: a) mesencephalon b) rhombencephalon c) prosencephalon d) pineal gland |
c) prosencephalon |
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Which part of the stomach connects to the esophagus? |
cardia |
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The liver is divided into how many lobes? |
4 |
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The gallbladder sits in which lobe of the liver? |
quadrate lobe |
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Which liver lobe wraps around the IVC? |
caudate lobe |
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The liver is connected to the peritoneum by the ______, _____, ______, and ______ ligaments. |
coronary, left, right, falciform |
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How many pairs of salivary glands are in the human body? |
3 |
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Which layer of the stomach contains blood vessels and nerves? a) the mucosa b) the submucosa c) the serosa d) the cardia |
b) the submucosa |
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The pituitary gland produces what hormones? 4 |
growth hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone oxytocin follicle-stimulating hormone |
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The hypothalamus produces what hormones? 3 |
dopamine thyrotropin-releasing hormone growth-hormone releasing hormone |
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The thyroid gland produces what hormones? 2 |
thyroxine T3 |
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The thyroid is regulated by the thyroid-stimulating hormone released by the _______. |
pituitary gland |
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The parathyroid glands release what hormone? |
parathyroid hormone |
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What does the parathyroid hormone regulate? |
calcium and phosphate levels in the body |
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The pancreas releases what hormones? 3 |
somatostatin insulin glucagon |
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The adrenal cortex releases _____ and _____. |
corticosteroid androgens |
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The adrenal medulla regulates the ______ response. |
flight or flight |
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The testes release what hormones? 2 |
testosterone estradiol |
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The ovaries release what hormones? 2 |
progesterone estrogen |
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Which gland indirectly controls growth by acting on the pituitary? a) hypothalamus b) thyroid c) adrenal glands d) parathyroid glands |
a) hypothalamus |
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A patient experiencing symptoms such as kidney stones and arthritis due to a calcium imbalance probably has a disorder of which gland? a) hypothalamus b) thyroid c) parathyroid d) adrenal glands |
c) parathyroid |
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The corpus luteum, a mass follicular tissue provides nutrients to the egg and secretes: _____ and ______. |
estradiol progesterone |
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The placenta develops from cells called the ________, which come from the outer layer of the blastocyst. |
trophoblast |
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Fertilization takes place in the: a) fallopian tubes b) ovaries c) uterus d) cervix |
a) fallopian tubes |
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The humerus and ulna form the: a) shoulder joint b) elbow joint c) wrist joint d) none of the above |
b) elbow joint |
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The bone that is stationary during the movement is called the: a) insertion b) agonist c) origin d) none of the above |
c) origin |
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Which part of the brain is responsible for higher brain functions? a) pons b) cerebral cortex c) cerebellar cortex d) none of the above |
b) cerebral cortex |
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When measuring blood pressure, the number represent: a) the systolic and diastolic pressures, respectively b) the diastolic and systolic pressures, respectively c) the pressure in the arteries and the veins, respectively d) none of the above |
a) the systolic and diastolic pressures, respectively |
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The superior vena cava: a) ascends from the right atrium b) ascends from the left atrium c) descends from the right atrium d) none of the above |
a) ascends from the right atrium |
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The rectum is a part ofL a) the anus b) the small intestine c) the large intestine d) none of the above |
c) the large intestine |
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What are the motor units made of? a) motor neurons b) muscle cells c) tendons d) none of the above |
b) muscle cells |
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What is the name of a state of constant muscle contraction caused by rapid successive nerve signals? a) tetanus b) muscle tone c) temporal summation d) none of the above |
a) tetanus |
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Where does integreation happen? a) ANS b) CNS c) PNS d) none of the above |
b) CNS |
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The tidal volume is the amount of air moved during: a) deep breathing b) shallow breathing c) coughing d) none of the above |
b) shallow breathing |
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Inorganic compounds are usually minerals such as _____, _____, and _____. |
K+ Na+ Fe2+ |
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Carbohydrates, also called sugars, are molecules made of _____, _____ and ____. |
C H O |
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The more double bonds a lipid tail has, the more _______ the molecule is. |
unsaturated = more double bonds |
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There are ____ amino acids used to produce protein. |
22 |
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Nucleotides are composed of a _____, _____, and _____. |
5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base |
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Purines |
Adenine Guanine |
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Pyrimidines |
Thymine Cytosine |
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Match the polymer with the correct monomer: a) DNA; nucleic acid b) RNA; amino acid c) starch; lipid d) histidine; glucose |
a) DNA; nucleic acid |
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Which of the following is not found in DNA? a) adenine b) uracil c) thymine d) cytosine |
b) uracil |
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Which of the following is not a compound created from sugar? a) glycogen b) starch c) cellulose d) guanine |
d) guanine |
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An amino acid contains an R group, an amino group, and a: a) hydroxyl group b) carboxyl group c) phenyl group d) phosphate group |
b) carboxyl group
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Describe the Miller-Urey experiment |
Mixture of ingredients including H2O, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into an enclosed reactor bulb. A pair of electrons were placed inside to simulate lightning every few minutes. It turned pink within a day and after two weeks it contained a thick solution. 11 out of the 22 known amino acids had formed. |
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The age of fossils is determined through a method called __________. |
radiometric dating |
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500 million years ago: |
Paleozoic era |
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260 million years ago: |
Mesozoic Era |
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65 million years ago: |
Cenozoic era |
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10,000 years ago: |
early Humans |
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The Paleozoic era was characterized how? |
-the colonization of land -appearances of many plants -diversification of fish and reptile species |
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The Mesozoic era was characterized how? |
-first flowering plants appearing -land animals (dinosaurs) |
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The Cenozoic era was characterized how? |
-many of todays animals and plants were evolving |
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A student is attempting to replicate the Miller-Urey experiment. Which of the following reagents does he not need? a) ammonia b) carbon dioxide c) oxygen d) water vapor |
c) oxygen |
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In the Miller-Urey experiment, which attempted to replicate conditions that were existent in early Earth, which of the following compounds was not created? a) amino acids b) methane c) lipid precursors d) chlorophyll |
d) chlorophyll |
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Cells were first discovered by ________, the inventor of the microscope. |
Robert Hooke |
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Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, are the only types of cells which contain _______. |
peptidoglycan |
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A ______ is a small body used to transfer materials within and out of the cell. It has a membrane of its own and can carry things such as cell wastes. sugars or proteins. |
vacuole |
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The ________ is associated with the production of fats and steroid hormones. |
smooth ER |
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Examples of Neurotransmittors: |
glycine dopamine melatonin acetylcholine aspartate serotonin |
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The golgi body is one of the largest organelles found in the cell, and is responsible for: a) protein synthesis b) intracellular and extracellular transport c) replication of DNA d) formation of ribosomes |
b) intracellular and extracellular transport |
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Which of the following species cannot travel across a cell membrane without the use of energy? a) water b) K+ c) Na+ d) glucose |
d) glucose |
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The endoplasmic reticulum is broken up into the rough ER and smooth ER. The rough ER is responsible for synthesis of proteins and some polysaccharides. What is the smooth ER responsible for? a) metabolism of carbohydrates and synthesis of lipids b) DNA replication and transcription c) modification of RNA after the transcription process d) degradation of residual amino acids and cell waste |
d) degradation of residual amino acids and cell waste |
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Which of the following is not a type of cell connection or junction between cells? a) tight junction b) gap junction c) desmosome d) channel junction |
c) desmosome |
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What is the enzyme, Pyruvate kinase, responsible for? |
glycolysis |
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What is the enzyme, Endoglucanase, responsible for? |
breakdown of cellulose in fungi and bacteria |
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What is catabolism? |
breakdown of molecules |
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What is the process of breaking down fat for energy? |
catabolism |
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Which of the following processes produce the most ATP during cellular respiration? a) glycolysis b) citric acid cycle c) lactic acid fermentation d) electron transport chain |
d) electron transport chain |
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In the citric acid cycle, how many runs of the cycle are required to process one molecule of glucose? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 |
b) 2 |
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During the process of aerobic respiration, the movement of which of these ions is responsible for the generation of a large amount of ATP? a) K+ b) H+ c) Na+ d) Cl- |
b) H+ |
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Which of the following compounds is not produced by the citric acid cycle? a) NADH b) GTP c) ATP d) FADH |
d) FADH |
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The four stages of the cell cycle are: |
G1 phase S phase G2 phase Mitotic phase |
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The G1 phase is what? |
growth phase one |
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The S phase is what? |
DNA replication |
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The G2 phase is what? |
growth phase 2 |
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Together, the G1, S, and G2 phases are known as _______. |
interphase |
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Meiosis is the process by which diploid cell produces ____ haploid cells. |
4 |
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DNA replication occurs in what phase during mitosis and meosis? |
Interphase |
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In what phase does crossing over occur? |
Prophase I |
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A scientist takes DNA samples from a cell culture at two different times, each sample having the same cell count. In the first sample, he finds that there is 6.5 pg of DNA, whereas in the second sample he finds that there is 13 pg of DNA. What stage of the cell cycle is the second sample in? a) interphase G1 b) interphase S c) interphase G2 d) none of the above |
c) interphase G2 |
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Which of the following processes will take place in both mitosis and meiosis? a) separation of homologous chromatids b) formation of new nuclei that each have half the number of chromosomes that exist in the parent nuclei c) tightening of chromatin into chromosomes d) separation of duplicated sister chromatids |
d) separation of duplicated sister chromatids |
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In sickle cell anemia, what amino acid changes to what? |
glutamate to valine |
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What will occur if DNA is methylated? |
If DNA is methylated at the cystine group, this will prevent transcription. |
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A researcher has discovered a mutation in a sequence of mRNA, which changes a codon from AUG to AAG. What effect will this have on the sequence? a) there will be no effect b) the codon sequence will start being translated at a different location than before c) the codon sequence will stop being translated at a different location than before d) the protein will no longer fold at all due to the mismatched codon |
b) the codon sequence will start being translated at a different location than before |
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Which of the following DNA sequences coding for an amino acid sequence does not include a stop codon? a) TTG-GTC-TAA-AAT b) TTT-GGC-AGA-CTC c) GTA-AUG-TAG-AGC d) TTC-CAT-CAC-TGA |
b) TTT-GGC-AGA-CTC |
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Which of the following is not a method by which DNA expression can be controlled? a) operon b) methylation c) promotion d) sulfonation |
d) sulfonation |
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If the recessive trait is linked to the X-chromosome, it will most likely be seen in: a) males b) females c) both genders d) neither |
a) males |
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A sex linked trait primarily seen in males but sometimes seen in females is passed along the: a) 22nd chromosome b) 18th chromosome c) X chromosome d) Y chromosome |
c) X chromosome |
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In order for genetic drift to occur, in which a gene allele drops out of the population, which of the following must be true of the population? a) The population is large b) the population is small c) the population has many food sources d) the population is able to survive in many niches |
b) the population is small |
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Charles Darwin based his theory of natural selection on a number of logical observations and premises. Which of the following is not one of them? a) organisms have many more offspring that the environment could be expected to support b) many species are able to mutate or alter their genes in order to adapt to the environment c) organisms are unique, and their offspring inherit traits from their parents d) in a given experiment, populations of species typically remain about the same throughout time |
b) many species are able to mutate or alter their genes in order to adapt to the environment |
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Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution? a) the evolution of tails in both whales and sharks b) the evolution of pine cones in both southern pine and spruce trees c) the evolution of pincers in both ants and termites d) the evolution of feathers in both the sparrow and finch |
a) the evolution of tails in both whales and sharks |
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Dominant Kinky Pussy Can Often Form Gay Sex |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Which of the following is an example of an analogous structure? a) the fact that salmon and tuna both have gills b) the ability of multiple types of plants to grow in a rainforest c) the ability of both birds and butterflies to fly d) the many different species of elephants that exist |
c) the ability of both birds and butterflies to fly |
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Which two species will likely share the greatest percentage of their genomes? a) those in the same family b) those in the same order c) those in the same kingdom d) those in the same class |
a) those in the same family |
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Which of the following is a key difference between organisms in the domain Archaea and Bacteria? a) Archaea cells do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall b) Archaea cells do not contain phospholipids in their cell membrane c) Archaea cells do not use RNA d) Archaea cells do not use ribosomes to produce amino acid chains |
a) Archaea cells do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall |
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Plant growth takes place at the __________.
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Meristems
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What is the waxy layer that aids the plant in retaining moisture and preventing evaporation from the leaf? |
cuticle |
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In plants, the formation of a seed includes the creation of endosperm. Which of the following is not true about the endosperm? a) it can have a triploid (3n) chromosome number b) the endosperm in many plants contains fats and nutrients for the growing embryo c) the endosperm is created solely from maternal tissue d) the endosperm begins formation after a pollen grain contacts the maternal cell |
c) the endosperm is created solely from maternal tissue |
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Which of the following phenomena is not a mechanism by which trees move water from the roots to the leaves? a) transpiration b) osmotic pressure c) capillary action d) sublimation |
d) sublimation |
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Both gymnosperms and angiosperms produce which of the following? a) seeds b) fruits c) petals d) endosperm |
a) seeds |
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What enzyme do C4 plants use instead of keeping their stomata open? |
PEP carboxylase |
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How many kingdoms of life are there? |
6 |
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Humans can turn glucose into ATP, the basic energy molecule in the body. What is a by-product of this process? a) CO2 b) O2 c) N+ d) phosphorus |
a) CO2 |
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Which of the following is not in the Kingdom Plantae? a) cactus b) algae c) oak tree d) sunflower |
b) algae |
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If a gene is expressed, then that means: a) it is influencing a phenotype trait b) it is being copied into another set of DNA c) it will be passed on from mother to son d) the gene will produce some hormones |
a) it is influencing a phenotype trait |
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Where are cilia NOT found? a) bronchi b) alveoli c) upper airways d) fallopian tubes |
b) alveoli |
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Water is a unique molecule vital to life on earth. Which of the following properties is not a property of water that contributes to its usefulness? a) a high heat capacity b) a high surface tension c) its liquid state across a wide variety of temperatures d) its ability to degrade toxins |
a) a high heat capacity |
