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322 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (9) |
Peace, shelter, education, food, income, stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice and equity |
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Health System (WHO) |
All organisations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore and maintain good health |
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Roles of Health Systems (5) |
Continual improvement of health status Defence against health threats Protection against financial consequences of ill health Equitable access to people-centred care Assist people to participate in decisions affecting their health |
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Public Health |
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society |
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Health Improvement |
Addresses wider determinants, inequalities and lifestyle |
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Health Protection |
Against infectious diseases and environmental hazards for example |
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Health Services Improvement |
Improving clinical effectiveness, service planning and equity |
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Individual Level Healthcare |
Focus on patient's individual rights, doctor advocates for the patient |
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Population Level Healthcare |
Focus on equity and social justice, advocate for communities and patient groups |
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Primary Prevention |
Promote and maintain good health. Assess wider determinants and reduce risk factors |
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Secondary Prevention |
Early detection and treatment of causes. Screening |
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Tertiary Prevention |
Optimal management of established conditions. Prevent/limit progression, rehabilitation, minimise disability |
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Traditional Care (4) |
Disease based Health and social care separate Physical and mental health services separate Gaps in healthcare (elderly, long term) |
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Integrated Care (5) |
Patient/community perspective Integrates: - health and social - primary, secondary, tertiary and community - prevention and treatment - population and individual - professional and patient perspectives |
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Problems with traditional care (4) |
Multiple appointments Repetition of story Poor communication Bewilderment |
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Advantages of integrated care (4) |
Improved access Good communication Single assessment Shared care plan |
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NHS Outcomes Framework (5) |
Domain 1: Prevent premature death Domain 2: Enhance QOL for long term conditions Domain 3: Recovery Domain 4: Ensure positive experience of care Domain 5: Safe environment and protect from avoidable harm |
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Public Health Outcomes Framework (4) |
Domain 1: Improve wider determinants Domain 2: Help to live healthy lifestyle, make healthy choices and reduce inequalities Domain 3: Population health protected from incidents and threatens and reduce inequalities Domain 4: Reduce the amount of preventable ill health, reduce premature death, reduce gap between communities |
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Health Communication |
The use of communication techniques to positively influence and promote conditions conductive to health. Information to large audiences. E.g. Adverts, billboards, leaflets, labelling |
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Health Education |
Providing opportunities for learning to individuals or community groups. Important but not always sufficient. E.g. Schools, one to one, HCP, community |
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Self Help/Mutual Aid (3 examples) |
People share common experiences/problems and can support each other E.g. AA, weight management, cv rehab |
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Organisational Change (4 examples) |
Creating supportive environments that better enable people to make healthy choices in a variety of settings E.g. School healthy eating policy, smoking ban, workplace exercise programmes, shower facilities |
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Legislation |
Enforced by law |
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Policy |
Plan of action to guide adherence to legislation |
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Screening |
The process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk of a disease or condition. Can be offered information, further tests and appropriate treatment to reduce their risk and/or any complications from the disease |
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Sensitivity |
How good is the test at picking up disease = a/(a+c) |
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Specificity |
How good is the test at correctly excluding those without disease |
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Screening Test |
From apparently well people identify those who probably don't have the disease and those who probably do |
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Screening programme |
Screening test and consider population at risk, screening interval, diagnosis and treatment options |
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National Screening Criteria: condition/knowledge (4) |
Important? Latent phase Natural history understood Primary prevention |
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National Screening Criteria: Treatment (3) |
Effective Policy on who to treat Adequate facilities before an increase in number of referrals |
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National Screening Criteria: Test (3) |
Suitable (simple safe precise valid acceptable) Agreed suitable cut offs Agreed policy for positive results |
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National Screening Criteria: Programme (5) |
RCT evidence of effectiveness Info understandable by those being screened Clinically, socially and ethically acceptable Benefit>harms Value for money |
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Volunteer Bias |
The screened may differ from non-screened |
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Lead Time Bias |
The time by which a diagnosis is advanced because of screening increases apparent survival time |
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Length Time Bias |
Those with long pre clinical phase are more likely to be detected by screening and usually have a better prognosis |
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Palliative care |
Looking after people with incurable illnesses, relieving suffering and supporting through difficult times. Active total care of patients whose disease is unresponsive to curative treatment. Goal is achievement of best QOL for patients and families |
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End of life care |
Enables supportive and palliative care needs of patient and family to be identified and met throughout the last phase of life and into bereavement. Includes pain and symptom management, psychological, social, spiritual and practical support. Planned care, symptom control, dignity, choice, control, communication between patient family and HCPs
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Supportive care |
Care that helps the patient and their family to cope with their condition and its treatment |
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Hollistic approach |
Physical, psychological, social and spiritual support combined |
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Economic evaluation |
A comparisons analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both costs and consequences |
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Cost consequence analysis |
Costs and consequences itemised separately. No decision rules |
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Cost effectiveness analysis |
Additional cost per outcome |
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Cost minimisation analysis |
If consequences are the same the least costly option is best |
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Cost utility analysis |
Considers QOL and length of life gain as a result of an intervention. Benefits expressed as QALYs |
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Cost benefit analysis |
Considers health and non health benefits and converts them into a single monetary value |
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QALY |
Quality Adjusted Life Years |
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Total pain |
Emotional problems can worsen symptoms Physical problems can worsen psychological ones Social problems affect physical problems Spiritual issues affect psychological wellbeing |
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Spectacular trajectory of care |
Sudden, often traumatic death. These patient are often prioritised and consume ED staff attention |
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Subtacular trajectory of care |
Slow process of dying. Patients that attend ED for symptom management as their condition deteriorated or for a periodic crisis. Patients often of lower priority, tendency to be regulated and receive a lower intensity of care from ED. |
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Advanced statement |
To formalise what patients and family do want. Not legally binding. In addition may also need an advance directive of DNAR. |
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Advanced decisions to refuse treatment |
To formalise what patients don't want. Legally binding. Related to capacity for decision making |
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Normative stance |
Indicates the nature of resource allocation decision that ought to be followed if certain objectives are to be achieved |
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Positive stance |
Seeks to predict observable factors and so provide information on the the likely costs and benefits associated with alternative causes of action |
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Opportunity cost |
The value of the consequences forgone by choosing to deploy resources in one way rather than in their best alternative use |
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Allocative efficiency |
Producing the pattern of output that best satisfies the pattern of consumers wants/needs |
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Hollistic approach |
Physical, psychological, social and spiritual support combined |
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Economic evaluation |
A comparisons analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both costs and consequences |
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Cost consequence analysis |
Costs and consequences itemised separately. No decision rules |
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Cost effectiveness analysis |
Additional cost per outcome |
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Cost minimisation analysis |
If consequences are the same the least costly option is best |
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Cost utility analysis |
Considers QOL and length of life gain as a result of an intervention. Benefits expressed as QALYs |
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Cost benefit analysis |
Considers health and non health benefits and converts them into a single monetary value |
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QALY |
Quality Adjusted Life Years |
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Incremental approach |
What is the difference in. Costs and in consequences of option A compared to option B |
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Total pain |
Emotional problems can worsen symptoms Physical problems can worsen psychological ones Social problems affect physical problems Spiritual issues affect psychological wellbeing |
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Spectacular trajectory of care |
Sudden, often traumatic death. These patient are often prioritised and consume ED staff attention |
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Subtacular trajectory of care |
Slow process of dying. Patients that attend ED for symptom management as their condition deteriorated or for a periodic crisis. Patients often of lower priority, tendency to be regulated and receive a lower intensity of care from ED. |
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Advanced statement |
To formalise what patients and family do want. Not legally binding. In addition may also need an advance directive of DNAR. |
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Advanced decisions to refuse treatment |
To formalise what patients don't want. Legally binding. Related to capacity for decision making |
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Normative stance |
Indicates the nature of resource allocation decision that ought to be followed if certain objectives are to be achieved |
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Positive stance |
Seeks to predict observable factors and so provide information on the the likely costs and benefits associated with alternative causes of action |
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Opportunity cost |
The value of the consequences forgone by choosing to deploy resources in one way rather than in their best alternative use |
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Allocative efficiency |
Producing the pattern of output that best satisfies the pattern of consumers wants/needs |
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Hollistic approach |
Physical, psychological, social and spiritual support combined |
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Economic evaluation |
A comparisons analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both costs and consequences |
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Cost consequence analysis |
Costs and consequences itemised separately. No decision rules |
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Cost effectiveness analysis |
Additional cost per outcome |
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Cost minimisation analysis |
If consequences are the same the least costly option is best |
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Cost utility analysis |
Considers QOL and length of life gain as a result of an intervention. Benefits expressed as QALYs |
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Cost benefit analysis |
Considers health and non health benefits and converts them into a single monetary value |
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QALY |
Quality Adjusted Life Years |
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Incremental approach |
What is the difference in. Costs and in consequences of option A compared to option B |
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Marginal Benefit |
The increase in benefit as a result of increasing production by one additional unit |
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Total pain |
Emotional problems can worsen symptoms Physical problems can worsen psychological ones Social problems affect physical problems Spiritual issues affect psychological wellbeing |
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Spectacular trajectory of care |
Sudden, often traumatic death. These patient are often prioritised and consume ED staff attention |
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|
Subtacular trajectory of care |
Slow process of dying. Patients that attend ED for symptom management as their condition deteriorated or for a periodic crisis. Patients often of lower priority, tendency to be regulated and receive a lower intensity of care from ED. |
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Advanced statement |
To formalise what patients and family do want. Not legally binding. In addition may also need an advance directive of DNAR. |
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Advanced decisions to refuse treatment |
To formalise what patients don't want. Legally binding. Related to capacity for decision making |
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Normative stance |
Indicates the nature of resource allocation decision that ought to be followed if certain objectives are to be achieved |
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Positive stance |
Seeks to predict observable factors and so provide information on the the likely costs and benefits associated with alternative causes of action |
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Opportunity cost |
The value of the consequences forgone by choosing to deploy resources in one way rather than in their best alternative use |
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Allocative efficiency |
Producing the pattern of output that best satisfies the pattern of consumers wants/needs |
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Hollistic approach |
Physical, psychological, social and spiritual support combined |
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Economic evaluation |
A comparisons analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both costs and consequences |
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Cost consequence analysis |
Costs and consequences itemised separately. No decision rules |
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Cost effectiveness analysis |
Additional cost per outcome |
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Cost minimisation analysis |
If consequences are the same the least costly option is best |
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Cost utility analysis |
Considers QOL and length of life gain as a result of an intervention. Benefits expressed as QALYs |
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Cost benefit analysis |
Considers health and non health benefits and converts them into a single monetary value |
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QALY |
Quality Adjusted Life Years |
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Incremental approach |
What is the difference in. Costs and in consequences of option A compared to option B |
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Marginal Benefit |
The increase in benefit as a result of increasing production by one additional unit |
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Marginal cost |
The increase in costs as a result of increasing production by one additional unit |
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Total pain |
Emotional problems can worsen symptoms Physical problems can worsen psychological ones Social problems affect physical problems Spiritual issues affect psychological wellbeing |
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Cost effectiveness analysis |
Consequences in most appropriate natural or physical units. Cost per unit effect. Address technical efficiency symptoms. Decision rule - dominance or CE ratio |
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Subtacular trajectory of care |
Slow process of dying. Patients that attend ED for symptom management as their condition deteriorated or for a periodic crisis. Patients often of lower priority, tendency to be regulated and receive a lower intensity of care from ED. |
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Cost utility analysis |
Life years and QOL combines int QALYs Cost per additional QALY Compare across treatment areas Decision rule - dominance or CU ratio
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Advanced decisions to refuse treatment |
To formalise what patients don't want. Legally binding. Related to capacity for decision making |
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Normative stance |
Indicates the nature of resource allocation decision that ought to be followed if certain objectives are to be achieved |
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Positive stance |
Seeks to predict observable factors and so provide information on the the likely costs and benefits associated with alternative causes of action |
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Opportunity cost |
The value of the consequences forgone by choosing to deploy resources in one way rather than in their best alternative use |
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Allocative efficiency |
Producing the pattern of output that best satisfies the pattern of consumers wants/needs |
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Horizontal equity |
The equal treatment of equals |
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Beveridge plan |
Should have a government to address disease, illness, poverty and poor education |
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Formal justice |
Everyone treated the same |
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Positive discrimination |
Addresses the fact that there is no level playing field to start off with |
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Justice as desert |
Treat people based on previous behaviour and determine what they deserve. Justifies punishing for bad health choices and reward for good health choices Can be subjective |
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Justice as maximising utility |
Utilitarianism Judge which is the just action by judging which action maximises benefit and minimises harm |
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Justice as satisfying need |
Everyone should contribute to society what they can Resources and services distributed as ripple need them (Complete opposition to health economics) |
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Fair innings |
People deserve to live a certain number of years |
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Doctrine of necessity |
Can administer life saving treatment Has to be justified by determinative as in patients best interests |
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Eugenics |
The application of biological principles to upgrade the physical and mental strength of the nation |
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Idiot |
Someone who is unable to guard himself against common physical dangers |
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Vertical equity |
People with more ability to pay should pay more |
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Imbecile |
Someone who is incapable of managing or being taught to manage his own affairs |
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Feeble minded |
Someone requiring care and supervision for his own protection or the protection of others |
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The tragedy charity model |
Depicts people as victims of circumstance deserving of pity. |
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Medical model/functional limitation model |
Disability results from an individual persons limitations Not associated with social or geographical environments |
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Impairment WHO |
Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure |
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Disability WHO |
Any restriction or lack of ability (resulting from an impairment) to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being |
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Handicap WHO |
Any disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability, that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal for a human being |
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Total institutions (Goffman) |
A large number of like situated individuals cut off from wider society for an appreciable period of time. Together they lead a enclosed, formally administered round of life. |
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The social model of disability |
Disability is a consequence of environmental, social and attitudinal barriers. Stems from a failure of society to adjust to meet the needs and aspirations of a disabled minority. Implies removal of these barriers will improve the lives of disabled people, giving them the same opportunities as others on an equal basis. |
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Social adapted/biopsychosocial approach to disability |
Based on social model but incorporates elements of the medical model by identifying the significance of impairments. Not all problems of impairments can be currently addressed but if environment is discriminatory, it can be changed. |
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Economic evaluation viewpoint |
Max total benefit Distribution doesn't matter. 50 years to one = 10 years to 5 |
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Disability discrimination law |
It is unlawful for you to be discriminated against in: employment, trade union and qualification bodies, access to goods facilities and services, management buying or renting of land or property, education, regulations dealing with public transport |
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Moderately deaf |
40-70dB hearing loss Can use amplified telephone |
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Severely deaf |
71-95dB hearing loss |
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Profoundly deaf |
>95dB hearing loss May have no hearing at all |
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Medical model of deafness |
Developmental deficiency or disease Defect to be corrected or cured by medication, equipment, technology, surgery Individual adjustment and behavioural change leads to an effective cure Patients own responsibility to make themselves understood |
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Social model of deafness |
Disability is a socially created problem Society creates barriers through lack of awareness, attitudes and lack of accessible information for deaf people Communication between deaf and hearing people is a barrier Isolation, oppression, discrimination |
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Cultural model of deafness |
BSL as first or preferred language - see themselves as part of a social, cultural and linguistic minority Do not see themselves as disabled Have not experienced loss and have a Positive attitude towards deafness |
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Myopia |
Short sighted Difficulty seeming distant objects |
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Hypermetropia |
Long sighted Difficulty seeing close objects clearly |
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Astigmatism |
Distorted vision resulting from an irregularly curved cornea |
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QOL 5 dimensions |
Mobility Self care Usual activities Pain/discomfort Anxiety/depression |
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Time to trade off analysis |
How long do you expect to live? What is the maximum time you would trade off for a normal, healthy life in the remaining years? |
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Direct costs |
Health and social services resource use Non health services resource use |
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Indirect costs |
Wider costs to society |
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Multiple technology appraisals |
Tests different drugs used at different point on the patient pathway |
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Single technology appraisals |
Tests a single drug at a a single point on the patient pathway |
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Keynes welfare state |
Market economics not best. Should be distributed according to need and not what people can afford |
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Market economics |
Goods distributes by price based on ability to pay |
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Horizontal equity |
The equal treatment of equals |
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Beveridge plan |
Should have a government to address disease, illness, poverty and poor education |
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Formal justice |
Everyone treated the same |
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Positive discrimination |
Addresses the fact that there is no level playing field to start off with |
|
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Justice as desert |
Treat people based on previous behaviour and determine what they deserve. Justifies punishing for bad health choices and reward for good health choices Can be subjective |
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Justice as maximising utility |
Utilitarianism Judge which is the just action by judging which action maximises benefit and minimises harm |
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Justice as satisfying need |
Everyone should contribute to society what they can Resources and services distributed as ripple need them (Complete opposition to health economics) |
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Fair innings |
People deserve to live a certain number of years |
|
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Doctrine of necessity |
Can administer life saving treatment Has to be justified by determinative as in patients best interests |
|
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Eugenics |
The application of biological principles to upgrade the physical and mental strength of the nation |
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Idiot |
Someone who is unable to guard himself against common physical dangers |
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Vertical equity |
People with more ability to pay should pay more |
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Imbecile |
Someone who is incapable of managing or being taught to manage his own affairs |
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Feeble minded |
Someone requiring care and supervision for his own protection or the protection of others |
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The tragedy charity model |
Depicts people as victims of circumstance deserving of pity. |
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Medical model/functional limitation model |
Disability results from an individual persons limitations Not associated with social or geographical environments |
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Impairment WHO |
Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure |
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Disability WHO |
Any restriction or lack of ability (resulting from an impairment) to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being |
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Handicap WHO |
Any disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability, that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal for a human being |
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Total institutions (Goffman) |
A large number of like situated individuals cut off from wider society for an appreciable period of time. Together they lead a enclosed, formally administered round of life. |
|
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The social model of disability |
Disability is a consequence of environmental, social and attitudinal barriers. Stems from a failure of society to adjust to meet the needs and aspirations of a disabled minority. Implies removal of these barriers will improve the lives of disabled people, giving them the same opportunities as others on an equal basis. |
|
|
Social adapted/biopsychosocial approach to disability |
Based on social model but incorporates elements of the medical model by identifying the significance of impairments. Not all problems of impairments can be currently addressed but if environment is discriminatory, it can be changed. |
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Economic evaluation viewpoint |
Max total benefit Distribution doesn't matter. 50 years to one = 10 years to 5 |
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|
Disability discrimination law |
It is unlawful for you to be discriminated against in: employment, trade union and qualification bodies, access to goods facilities and services, management buying or renting of land or property, education, regulations dealing with public transport |
|
|
Moderately deaf |
40-70dB hearing loss Can use amplified telephone |
|
|
Severely deaf |
71-95dB hearing loss |
|
|
Profoundly deaf |
>95dB hearing loss May have no hearing at all |
|
|
Medical model of deafness |
Developmental deficiency or disease Defect to be corrected or cured by medication, equipment, technology, surgery Individual adjustment and behavioural change leads to an effective cure Patients own responsibility to make themselves understood |
|
|
Social model of deafness |
Disability is a socially created problem Society creates barriers through lack of awareness, attitudes and lack of accessible information for deaf people Communication between deaf and hearing people is a barrier Isolation, oppression, discrimination |
|
|
Cultural model of deafness |
BSL as first or preferred language - see themselves as part of a social, cultural and linguistic minority Do not see themselves as disabled Have not experienced loss and have a Positive attitude towards deafness |
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Myopia |
Short sighted Difficulty seeming distant objects |
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Hypermetropia |
Long sighted Difficulty seeing close objects clearly |
|
|
Astigmatism |
Distorted vision resulting from an irregularly curved cornea |
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QOL 5 dimensions |
Mobility Self care Usual activities Pain/discomfort Anxiety/depression |
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Time to trade off analysis |
How long do you expect to live? What is the maximum time you would trade off for a normal, healthy life in the remaining years? |
|
|
Direct costs |
Health and social services resource use Non health services resource use |
|
|
Indirect costs |
Wider costs to society |
|
|
Multiple technology appraisals |
Tests different drugs used at different point on the patient pathway |
|
|
Single technology appraisals |
Tests a single drug at a a single point on the patient pathway |
|
|
Keynes welfare state |
Market economics not best. Should be distributed according to need and not what people can afford |
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Market economics |
Goods distributes by price based on ability to pay |
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Occupational health |
The promotion and maintenance of physical, mental and social wellbeing in the workplace. Aims to prevent work related ill health wherever possible |
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Stereotype |
Widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing |
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Generalisation |
A general statement or concept obtained be inference from specific cases |
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Culture |
Beliefs and behaviours that are shared |
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Values |
Things we hold important Individual and cultural levels |
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Emic perspective |
From within the culture |
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Etic perspective |
From observer and tries to be culturally neutral |
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Ethnocentrism |
The view that your culture and way of doing things is right and others are wrong |
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Cultural relativism |
The principle of regarding beliefs values and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself |
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Medical risk factors for CVD |
Obesity Hypertension Blood cholesterol Diabetes |
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Behavioural risk factors |
Smoking Diet Alcohol Lack of exercise |
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Hazard |
Something that might cause harm |
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Population wide approaches |
Aim to change the risks from the social, economic, material and environmental factors that affect an entire population Regulation, legislation, subsidy, taxation, rearranging physical layout of communities |
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Community level approaches |
Targeted at groups of people at high risk CVD Activities to change health behaviours among the group |
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Individual approaches |
Interventions that give people direct encouragement to change their behaviour Providing informations about healthy risks, offering advice, prescribing treatment |
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Coping |
How we manage stressors |
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Adaptation |
How we can adjust aspects of our thinking/emotions/behaviour so that we can successfully live with chronic illness |
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Canons fight or flight model of coping |
Threat leads to increased arousal in order to escape |
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Seyle's General adaptation syndrome |
Alarm increases activity Resistance is an attempt to cope Exhaustion occurs when we can't resist anymore |
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Transactional model of stress |
Primary appraisal: - irrelevant - benign and positive - harmful and a threat - harmful and a challenge Secondary appraisal: - exhausting internal coping strategies |
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Problem focussed coping |
Take action to reduce the demands of the stressor Increase resources so able to manage it Practical reaction E.g. Revision plan, agenda, studying for extra qualifications to enable career change, counselling for failing relationship |
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Emotion focussed coping |
Attempts to manage emotions caused E.g. Emotional support, denial, venting anger, distraction, praying, exercise, alcohol, drugs, humour, deliberate self-harm, suicide |
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Risk |
The likelihood of that harm actually occurring in given circumstances |
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Type A personality |
Thinking or doing two things at once Hurrying speech of others Unduly irritated by queues Have to do things yourself Knee jigging, finger tapping Frequent use of obscenities Playing every game to win Impatience when watching someone do something that you think you could do better or faster Eating and speaking very fast |
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Type C personality |
Mainly females Cooperative and appeasing Compliant and passive Stoic (can endure pain and hardship without showing their feelings or complaining) Unassertive and self sacrificing Tendency to inhibit negative emotions |
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High N (neuroticism) personality |
Worrying Negative outlook Introspective Low self concept Social anxiety |
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Health literacy |
The ability to make sound health decisions in the context of everyday life. |
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Self-efficacy |
An individual's belief in their capacity to learn and perform a specific behaviour |
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Care as a set of tasks |
Help with personal hygiene, continence management, help with eating, help with mobility, advice, personal assistance, shopping etc. |
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Care as an emotional commitment |
Association of care with love and concern. May be essential for effective delivery of care tasks |
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Carer |
A designated person who provides long-term help to a disabled person |
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Warrior carers |
Access to services depends on family carers' skill in acting as an advocate |
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Technical efficiency |
Producing output in the best way possible without wasting scarce resources. Meet a given objective at least cost |
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Traditional work related ill health |
Toxological manifestations Musculoskeletal Trauma |
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Equity weighing |
QALY has same weight regardless of other characteristics of the individuals receiving the health benefit |
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Modern work related ill health |
Stress PTSD Chronic fatigue syndrome Work related upper linen disorders |
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SMARTIES |
Stamina Mobility: walking, bending, stooping Agility: dexterity, posture, coordination Rational: mental state, mood Treatment: side effects, duration Intellectual: cognitive abilities Essential for job: fire-fighters, driving Sensory aspects: safety of self and others |
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|
Health surveillance |
Putting in place systemic, regular and appropriate procedure to detect early signs of work related ill health among employees exposed to certain health risks and acting upon results |
|
|
Inverse care law |
Availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it. For those who need good medical care it is less available and vice versa |
|
|
Equity |
Fairness Recognises that people have different needs. Tries to minimise the difference between the care of people with similar needs |
|
|
Equality |
Uniformity Everyone gets the same regardless of need and ability to benefit |
|
|
Occupational health |
The promotion and maintenance of physical, mental and social wellbeing in the workplace. Aims to prevent work related ill health wherever possible |
|
|
Stereotype |
Widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing |
|
|
Generalisation |
A general statement or concept obtained be inference from specific cases |
|
|
Culture |
Beliefs and behaviours that are shared |
|
|
Values |
Things we hold important Individual and cultural levels |
|
|
Emic perspective |
From within the culture |
|
|
Etic perspective |
From observer and tries to be culturally neutral |
|
|
Ethnocentrism |
The view that your culture and way of doing things is right and others are wrong |
|
|
Cultural relativism |
The principle of regarding beliefs values and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself |
|
|
Medical risk factors for CVD |
Obesity Hypertension Blood cholesterol Diabetes |
|
|
Behavioural risk factors |
Smoking Diet Alcohol Lack of exercise |
|
|
Hazard |
Something that might cause harm |
|
|
Population wide approaches |
Aim to change the risks from the social, economic, material and environmental factors that affect an entire population Regulation, legislation, subsidy, taxation, rearranging physical layout of communities |
|
|
Community level approaches |
Targeted at groups of people at high risk CVD Activities to change health behaviours among the group |
|
|
Individual approaches |
Interventions that give people direct encouragement to change their behaviour Providing informations about healthy risks, offering advice, prescribing treatment |
|
|
Coping |
How we manage stressors |
|
|
Adaptation |
How we can adjust aspects of our thinking/emotions/behaviour so that we can successfully live with chronic illness |
|
|
Canons fight or flight model of coping |
Threat leads to increased arousal in order to escape |
|
|
Seyle's General adaptation syndrome |
Alarm increases activity Resistance is an attempt to cope Exhaustion occurs when we can't resist anymore |
|
|
Transactional model of stress |
Primary appraisal: - irrelevant - benign and positive - harmful and a threat - harmful and a challenge Secondary appraisal: - exhausting internal coping strategies |
|
|
Problem focussed coping |
Take action to reduce the demands of the stressor Increase resources so able to manage it Practical reaction E.g. Revision plan, agenda, studying for extra qualifications to enable career change, counselling for failing relationship |
|
|
Emotion focussed coping |
Attempts to manage emotions caused E.g. Emotional support, denial, venting anger, distraction, praying, exercise, alcohol, drugs, humour, deliberate self-harm, suicide |
|
|
Risk |
The likelihood of that harm actually occurring in given circumstances |
|
|
Type A personality |
Thinking or doing two things at once Hurrying speech of others Unduly irritated by queues Have to do things yourself Knee jigging, finger tapping Frequent use of obscenities Playing every game to win Impatience when watching someone do something that you think you could do better or faster Eating and speaking very fast |
|
|
Type C personality |
Mainly females Cooperative and appeasing Compliant and passive Stoic (can endure pain and hardship without showing their feelings or complaining) Unassertive and self sacrificing Tendency to inhibit negative emotions |
|
|
High N (neuroticism) personality |
Worrying Negative outlook Introspective Low self concept Social anxiety |
|
|
Health literacy |
The ability to make sound health decisions in the context of everyday life. |
|
|
Self-efficacy |
An individual's belief in their capacity to learn and perform a specific behaviour |
|
|
Care as a set of tasks |
Help with personal hygiene, continence management, help with eating, help with mobility, advice, personal assistance, shopping etc. |
|
|
Care as an emotional commitment |
Association of care with love and concern. May be essential for effective delivery of care tasks |
|
|
Carer |
A designated person who provides long-term help to a disabled person |
|
|
Warrior carers |
Access to services depends on family carers' skill in acting as an advocate |
|
|
Technical efficiency |
Producing output in the best way possible without wasting scarce resources. Meet a given objective at least cost |
|
|
Traditional work related ill health |
Toxological manifestations Musculoskeletal Trauma |
|
|
Equity weighing |
QALY has same weight regardless of other characteristics of the individuals receiving the health benefit |
|
|
Morals |
Individual belief on what is right or wrong |
|
|
Modern work related ill health |
Stress PTSD Chronic fatigue syndrome Work related upper linen disorders |
|
|
SMARTIES |
Stamina Mobility: walking, bending, stooping Agility: dexterity, posture, coordination Rational: mental state, mood Treatment: side effects, duration Intellectual: cognitive abilities Essential for job: fire-fighters, driving Sensory aspects: safety of self and others |
|
|
Health surveillance |
Putting in place systemic, regular and appropriate procedure to detect early signs of work related ill health among employees exposed to certain health risks and acting upon results |
|
|
Inverse care law |
Availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it. For those who need good medical care it is less available and vice versa |
|
|
Equity |
Fairness Recognises that people have different needs. Tries to minimise the difference between the care of people with similar needs |
|
|
Equality |
Uniformity Everyone gets the same regardless of need and ability to benefit |
|
|
Occupational health |
The promotion and maintenance of physical, mental and social wellbeing in the workplace. Aims to prevent work related ill health wherever possible |
|
|
Stereotype |
Widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing |
|
|
Generalisation |
A general statement or concept obtained be inference from specific cases |
|
|
Culture |
Beliefs and behaviours that are shared |
|
|
Values |
Things we hold important Individual and cultural levels |
|
|
Emic perspective |
From within the culture |
|
|
Etic perspective |
From observer and tries to be culturally neutral |
|
|
Ethnocentrism |
The view that your culture and way of doing things is right and others are wrong |
|
|
Cultural relativism |
The principle of regarding beliefs values and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself |
|
|
Medical risk factors for CVD |
Obesity Hypertension Blood cholesterol Diabetes |
|
|
Behavioural risk factors |
Smoking Diet Alcohol Lack of exercise |
|
|
Hazard |
Something that might cause harm |
|
|
Population wide approaches |
Aim to change the risks from the social, economic, material and environmental factors that affect an entire population Regulation, legislation, subsidy, taxation, rearranging physical layout of communities |
|
|
Community level approaches |
Targeted at groups of people at high risk CVD Activities to change health behaviours among the group |
|
|
Individual approaches |
Interventions that give people direct encouragement to change their behaviour Providing informations about healthy risks, offering advice, prescribing treatment |
|
|
Coping |
How we manage stressors |
|
|
Adaptation |
How we can adjust aspects of our thinking/emotions/behaviour so that we can successfully live with chronic illness |
|
|
Canons fight or flight model of coping |
Threat leads to increased arousal in order to escape |
|
|
Seyle's General adaptation syndrome |
Alarm increases activity Resistance is an attempt to cope Exhaustion occurs when we can't resist anymore |
|
|
Transactional model of stress |
Primary appraisal: - irrelevant - benign and positive - harmful and a threat - harmful and a challenge Secondary appraisal: - exhausting internal coping strategies |
|
|
Problem focussed coping |
Take action to reduce the demands of the stressor Increase resources so able to manage it Practical reaction E.g. Revision plan, agenda, studying for extra qualifications to enable career change, counselling for failing relationship |
|
|
Emotion focussed coping |
Attempts to manage emotions caused E.g. Emotional support, denial, venting anger, distraction, praying, exercise, alcohol, drugs, humour, deliberate self-harm, suicide |
|
|
Risk |
The likelihood of that harm actually occurring in given circumstances |
|
|
Type A personality |
Thinking or doing two things at once Hurrying speech of others Unduly irritated by queues Have to do things yourself Knee jigging, finger tapping Frequent use of obscenities Playing every game to win Impatience when watching someone do something that you think you could do better or faster Eating and speaking very fast |
|
|
Type C personality |
Mainly females Cooperative and appeasing Compliant and passive Stoic (can endure pain and hardship without showing their feelings or complaining) Unassertive and self sacrificing Tendency to inhibit negative emotions |
|
|
High N (neuroticism) personality |
Worrying Negative outlook Introspective Low self concept Social anxiety |
|
|
Health literacy |
The ability to make sound health decisions in the context of everyday life. |
|
|
Self-efficacy |
An individual's belief in their capacity to learn and perform a specific behaviour |
|
|
Care as a set of tasks |
Help with personal hygiene, continence management, help with eating, help with mobility, advice, personal assistance, shopping etc. |
|
|
Care as an emotional commitment |
Association of care with love and concern. May be essential for effective delivery of care tasks |
|
|
Carer |
A designated person who provides long-term help to a disabled person |
|
|
Warrior carers |
Access to services depends on family carers' skill in acting as an advocate |
|
|
Technical efficiency |
Producing output in the best way possible without wasting scarce resources. Meet a given objective at least cost |
|
|
Traditional work related ill health |
Toxological manifestations Musculoskeletal Trauma |
|
|
Equity weighing |
QALY has same weight regardless of other characteristics of the individuals receiving the health benefit |
|
|
Morals |
Individual belief on what is right or wrong |
|
|
Ethics |
Beliefs of groups of people on what is right or wrong |
|
|
Modern work related ill health |
Stress PTSD Chronic fatigue syndrome Work related upper linen disorders |
|
|
SMARTIES |
Stamina Mobility: walking, bending, stooping Agility: dexterity, posture, coordination Rational: mental state, mood Treatment: side effects, duration Intellectual: cognitive abilities Essential for job: fire-fighters, driving Sensory aspects: safety of self and others |
|
|
Health surveillance |
Putting in place systemic, regular and appropriate procedure to detect early signs of work related ill health among employees exposed to certain health risks and acting upon results |
|
|
Inverse care law |
Availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it. For those who need good medical care it is less available and vice versa |
|
|
Equity |
Fairness Recognises that people have different needs. Tries to minimise the difference between the care of people with similar needs |
|
|
Equality |
Uniformity Everyone gets the same regardless of need and ability to benefit |
|
|
Market economics |
Goods distributed by price and ability to pay |
