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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the five functions of protein in the body?
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1) Catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions (enzymes)
2) Regulate body processes (insulin/glycogen) 3) Immune function (antibodies) 4) Transportation (lipoprotein) 5) Provides structure/strength (muscle/bone) |
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Chemically speaking, what is a protein?
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An amino acid polymer (single strand of 20)
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An amino acid must have what components in chemical construction?
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Amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group (O=C-OH), and Variable group (-R)
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How do we distinguish protein from fat?
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Protein is nitrogen containing (16% nitrogen by weight)
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Why do we consume protein in our diet?
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In order to consume amino acids
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What is the amino acid pool?
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Single, free amino acids found in body (liver, blood, cells)
From: Body protein, Dietary protein To: Protein synthesis, Energy source (4cal/g), Store as fat (remove nitrogen = deamination), Convert to glucose |
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How many essential amino acids are there?
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Nine
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What does DNA tell us about protein?
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DNA tells us how to build protein
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What does protein determine?
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Genetics
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What is protein synthesis?
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the messenger RNA finds the necessary amino acid to build a specific DNA
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What is deamination?
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the removal of nitrogen in an amino acid, to store as fat
NH2 --> NH3 (ammonia) -->urea-->blood-->kidney-->urine |
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What is nitrogen balance?
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nitrogen intake equals nitrogen outtake
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What is nitrogen intake?
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Taken from protein (amino acid), 16% nitrogen by weight
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What is nitrogen excretion?
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From urea in urine and SOMETIMES feces... protein has 90% digestion success
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What is the nitrogen balance for a healthy adult?
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Nin = Nout (balance)
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What is the ideal nitrogen balance for children, people in weight training, or pregnant women?
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Positive nitrogen balance = Nin > Nout
Net protein gain |
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What is preeclampsia?
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Inadequate protein for fetus and woman
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What is the nitrogen balance for starving or ill people?
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Negative nitrogen balance = Nin < Nout
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What is a complete protein?
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Provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids
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Cholinomimetics
indirect names |
Cholinomimetics: inirect agonist (anticholinesterase) --> ↑ endogenous ACh
a) Physostigmine - tx 1. ocular hypertension - glaucoma; (along with Echothiophate and Carbechol=direct cholinomimetic) 2. myasthenia gravis 3. atropine overdose b) Neostigmine - tx 1.myasthenia gravis 2. reversal of neuromuscular junction blockade (postoperative) c) Echothiophate tx 1. ocular hypertension - glaucoma (along with physostigmine and bethanechol = direct agonist cholinomimetic) 2. ONLY AChE inhibitor that NOT used for myasthenia gravis d) Pyridostigmine - myasthenia gravis e) Edrophonium - diagnose myasthenia gravis |
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What is an incomplete protein?
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An incomplete protein does not provide the adequate amounts of the nine essential amino acids.
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What are some examples of incomplete proteins?
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All plants, gelatin
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What is gelatin?
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the most common protein in the body (skin, hair, cow hooves) also the same thing as collagen
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What is a complementary protein?
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Two incomplete proteins combined to provide adequate essential amino acids
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What are limiting amino acids?
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Essential amino acids in incomplete proteins that limit protein synthesis
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What are legunes?
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Dry beans, lentils
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What is the limiting amino acid in legunes?
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Methionine (but it has plenty of lysine)
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What are grains?
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Wheat, rice, corn
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What is the limiting amino acid in grains?
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Lysine (but it has plenty of methionine)
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What is the limiting amino acid in nuts or seeds?
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Lysine (but it has plenty of methionine)
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What are the RDA protein recommendations?
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0.8 g protein / kg of body weight
kg = lb. / 2.2. 55 kg (120 lbs.) x 0.8 = 44 g protein |
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What is NPU?
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Net protein utilization
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What is the formula for NPU?
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Nretained / Nin OR Nin - Nout / Nin X100
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What has the highest quality protein?
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Egg 94 npu (followed closely by meat and milk (whey) in the 80s)
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What has the poorest quality protein?
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Soybean, grains (60s, 50s NPU)
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How should our calories be spread out, percentage wise?
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55% to carbohydrates, 30% to fat, 15% to protein... ideally 75 g of protein
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Do we typically overeat in protein, in America?
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yes
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How many calories are necessary to build one pound of muscle?
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3000 calories
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How many calories are necessary to maintain weight?
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2400 calories
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What is the protein recommendation for weight training?
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1.2 - 1.5 g protein / kg body weight
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How do we convert kg to pounds?
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multiply by 2.2
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Does Dr. K recommends protein supplements?
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No
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What is creatine?
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Protein that speeds up weight gain, and you end up in the same place
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What are the risks of creatine?
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Dehydration, heat stroke
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What are the restrictions of creatine?
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it is nonpermissible, but not banned... the university won't buy it, so most athletes won't buy it.
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What is marasmus?
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Severe muscle wasting
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What is kwashiorkor?
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Muscle wasting with edema (fluid acculumulation in tissues)
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What is the unit of measure for energy?
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calorie
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What is marasmus?
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Severe muscle wasting
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What is kwashiorkor?
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Muscle wasting with edema (fluid acculumulation in tissues)
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What is a Calorie?
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1000 calories
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What is the unit of measure for energy?
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calorie
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What is a kilocalorie?
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1000 calories or a Calorie
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What is a Calorie?
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1000 calories
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What is a kilocalorie?
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1000 calories or a Calorie
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What is Ein?
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Energy Intake:
Carbohydrates = 4 cal / g Fat = 9 cal / g Protein = 4 cal / g Alcohol = 7 cal / g |
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In the US, what is the percentage of calories consumed in terms of alcohol?
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5% of all calories
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What is Eout?
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Energy out:
Expenditure (using calories), basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food (transfer of heat, and physical activity) |
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What is BMR?
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Basal Metabolic Rate
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What are some uses of BMR?
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Heat production, Heat release, Main source of energy expenditure, Calories we expend to maintain life, we would have placid bones/muscles without BMR
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What are some key organs in terms of BMR
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heart, lungs, liver (metabolically active organ, expends calories), brain (control center - 40% efficient) and generates most of heat, expends calories
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What is the analogy regarding BMR?
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Car engine wastes energy
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How does BMR function?
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it releases energy from the glucose, about 40% efficient
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What effect does BMR have on body size?
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Larger the body size = larger BMR
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Why do children have higher BMR energy?
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Because they need to grow and need high energy
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Adults have what kind of BMR?
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Higher overall BMR
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When should you reduce fat intake?
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After the age of two (before could restrict growth)
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When should you switch from whole milk to skim milk?
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Whole milk until age of two, then phase in lower fat intake to skim milk by age of six
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What is the best way to increase BMR?
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Body composition
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What kind of muscles are metabolically active?
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heart, lungs, liver, brains, muscle
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What does a higher lean body mass mean, in terms of BMR?
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Higher lean body mass (everything but fat) = higher BMR
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What does fat tissue do, in terms of BMR?
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Nothing, low energy needed for fat
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What effect does age have on BMR?
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As age increases, BMR decreases
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During what ages does BMR decrease? And why?
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25 to 50 because there is a reduction in muscle mass (loss should not occur if maintained regular exercise and health)
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After what age is muscle loss inevetible?
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50
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What gender has higher BMR?
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Men have higher BMR, women have more fat deposits
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What hormone stimulates muscle gain?
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Testosterone (anabolic steroid) in men
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What hormone stimulates fat deposition?
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Estrogen, especially in hips and buttocks for pregnancy
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What hormone is the primary regulator of BMR?
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Thyroid hormone
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What does a higher BMR mean, in terms of thyroid hormone?
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Higher BMR means that you will secrete more thyroid hormone (and vice versa)
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What will happen to the thyroid gland if you take the thyroid hormone pill?
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It will shut down
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What are the two types of eating patterns?
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Starvation and Overeating
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What is the best way to lose weight?
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Minimize hunger
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What happens to BMR when you overeat?
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BMR increases
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What is set point theory?
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weight defends against change, not entirely genetic, possible to change set point when stabilized at different weights (to some extent)
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What are some thermic effects of food?
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expend about 10% of caloric intake, increase heat production, energy out, digestion, absorption, transportation, deamination of amino acids
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What is exercise?
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a conscious decision to make physical activity
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What is non-exercise?
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Unconscious activities that we perform: walking to class, pacing, fidgeting
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What is non-exercise related to?
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Weight gain, expends an extra 700 calories per day... more non exercise activities = less weight gain
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If one increases aerobic exercise, what happens to non-exercising activities?
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Decreases
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What percentage of people are obese?
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65%
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How often is obesity measured?
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Annually
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What fraction of adults and children are obese?
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2/3 adults are obese and 1/3 children are obese
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What demographics are more likely to be obese?
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Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanics
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What is the correlation between BMI and mortality?
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The higher the BMI, the higher the risk of mortality
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What gene determines obesity or leanness?
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Leptin protein (produces in the lean animal)
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What Indian tribe are obese?
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Pima Indian tribe in Arizona, 80% are obese or diabetic
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What is significant about the Pima Indians?
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Two groups from the same genetics, one is obese, the other is not. They live in different areas
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Before what age is childhood obesity not an issue?
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The age of 2
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Does childhood obesity predict adult obesity?
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Yes
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What is obesity?
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excess body fat
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What is body fat?
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Reflection of body composition
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What is "excess"?
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fat added that is detrimental to our health
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What determines obesity in males?
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Greater than 19% body fat
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What determines obesity of females?
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Greater than 26% body fat
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How do we determine body composition?
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Weigh ourselves underwater, perform Dual X-Ray Absorptionetry which measures bone density OR skinfold thickness 5% margin of error probability
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How do we measure BMI?
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kg / m^2 or lb / in ^ 2 X 703
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What is my own formula for BMI?
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(125) / 4844.16 X 703 = 18.0993
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What is considered healthy BMI?
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18.5 - 24.9
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What is considered overweight BMI?
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25 - 29.9
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What is considered obese BMI?
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> 30 BMI
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How do we measure BMI in children?
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Age charts via percentiles
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What is the percentile for obesity in children
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Greater than 95th percentile
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What is the percentile for overweight in children?
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Greater than the 85th percentile
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What are the health consequences for obesity
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Heart disesase (high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol) ESPECIALLY if the fat is concentrated in the abdominal region, cancer (breast, prostate), diabeties type 2 (supposed to double in 20 years)
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What are the five components of weight maintenance?
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Diet, exercise, behavior modification, group support, nutrition education
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How would you lose one pound of fat in a week?
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3500 kcal /7d - 500 kcal/d
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Do diets work
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No! You must change your lifestyle
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Why is variety important in diet?
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Because we want to be deficient in calories, not in nutrients
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Why is breakfast important?
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helps people lose weight, minimizes hunger
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What is the importance of energy density in fat?
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Fat has high energy density, decrease energy dense food, weight BMI will decrease
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What is an energy dense food?
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Pretzel, cream cheese (same, 3.7)
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What is snackwell syndrome?
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Low fat DOES NOT EQUAL low calorie!
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What is a good choice for snacks?
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Fruits, veggies, and soups
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What is important about portion size?
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nearly half calories we consume are outside the home, and THEY decide whats on your plate... we've given up control
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What is the importance of breastfeeding in diet?
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Babies who are breast fed will experience more flavors
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