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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the organs of the female reproductive system.
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paired ovaries & oviducts; uterus, cervix, vagina, external genitalia; & paired mammary glands.
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2. Reproductive organs do not complete development until ______________hormones (pituitary gland) initiate puberty by _________.
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gonadotropic
menarche |
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What is the typical length between mentstral cycles?
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28-30 days...a month
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Discuss menopause.
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c. At 45 – 55 years of age cycle becomes infrequent ultimately ceases menopause
1. Ovaries stop producing oocytes & hormones 2. Vagina & mammary glands varying degrees of reduced function, esp. secretory activity. |
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Almond-shaped organs located in pelvis attached to posterior surface of broad ligament by peritoneum fold (mesovarium); superior (tubal) pole attached to pelvic wall via suspensory ligament of ovary (carries ovarian vessels & nerves); inferior (uterine) pole attached to uterus via ovarian ligament (remnant of gubernaculum)
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Ovaries
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What are the 2 interelated function of the ovaries?
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Produce Gametes
Produce Steroids |
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What are the 2 steroids produced by the ovaries?
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estrogen
Progestogens |
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Promote growth & maturation of internal/external sex organs
2. Responsible for female sex characteristics that develop @ puberty 3. Promote breast development via stimulation of ductal & stromal growth & accumulation of adipose tissue |
estrogen
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1.Preps internal sex organs (uterus) for pregnancy (changes in endometrium)
2.Preps mammary gland for lactation (promotes lobular proliferation) |
Progestogens
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Discuss the variation in the ovarian surface...pre and post pubescent.
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Before puberty, surface is smooth after puberty surface scarred & irregular repeated ovulations
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Compare ovary size from reporductive age to menopause.
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Post-menopause ovaries decrease to ¼ size of reproductive years
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The ovaries are divided into a ______ and _______ region.
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Cortex
Medulla |
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________________ is the epithelial covering of the ovaries.
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germinal epithelium
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___________ is a layer that lies just below the germinal epithelium and.
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Tunica Albuginea
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What are the 2 blood supplies to the ovaries?
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a.Ovarian arteries –
1.Branch of abdominal aorta enters via suspensory ligament 2.Principal arterial supply to ovary & uterine tube 3.Anastomoses w/ secondary ovarian blood source b.Ovarian branches of uterine arteries 1.Arise from internal iliac arteries 2.Enter at hilum 3.Called helicine/spiral arteries - branch & become highly coiled |
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Ovarian Veins accompany arteries & form ______________ plexus (as emerge from hilum
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Pampiniform plexus
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Discuss the innervation of the ovaries.
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Ovarian plexus supplies sensory & autonomic nerve fibers (both sympathetic & parasympathetic);
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Does the ovarian plexus or its associated fibers penetrate the basal lamina of follicles?
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NO
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Groups of _____________ganglion cells are scattered in ovarian medulla
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parasympathetic
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Early stages of oogenesis occur during fetal life then arrest at first ______ division
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meiotic
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~ 5 million oocytes present in fetus; only ~20% remain at birth----Why?
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Atresia
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Approx. how many oocytes mature during reproductive lifetime?
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~400
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List the 4 types of ovarian follicles.
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A.Primordial follicles
B.Primary follicles 1.unilaminar 2.multilaminar C.Secondary (antral) follicles D.Mature or Graafian follicles |
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At what age do primordial follicles first appear?
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3rd month of fetal development
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Primordial follicle is/is not FSH dependent.
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NOT
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_________ = cytoplasm (ooplasm); localized accumulation of Golgi mbs, vesicles, ER, mitochrondria, and lysosomes
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Balbiani body
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__________= resembles stack of nuclear envelopes; each layer of stack includes pore structures morphologically identical to nuclear pores
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Annulate lammelae
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The primary follical is/is not dependent on FSH.
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NOT
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When follicular cells become ________, follicle identified as primary follicle!
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cuboidal
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gel-like substance secreted by oocyte;
a.Separates oocyte from follicular cells b.Homogeneous, deeply staining, acidophilic, refractile layer c. Lots of glycosaminoglycans & glycoproteins; stains with PAS |
Zona Pellucida
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______ is secreted by primary follicles to induce proliferation of follicular (granulosa) cells.
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Activin
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Is there a blood-follicle barrier?
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NO
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Multilaminar primary follicles are surrounded by _________.
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Theca folliculi
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sheath of CT cells (from stroma) immediately surrounding follicle
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Theca folliculi
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What are the 2 regions of the theca folliculi?
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Theca interna and externa
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highly vascularized layer; contains cuboidal secretory cells (resemble steroid-producing cells), fibroblasts & collagen bundles; lots of LH receptors; LH induces synthesis & secretion of androgens (estrogen precursor)
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Theca Interna
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Follicle continues to grow but oocyte stops growing due to _____________________
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oocyte maturation inhibitor OMI
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What cells produce oocyte maturation inhibitor OMI?
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Granulosa cells
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stimulates growth & development of secondary follicles & LH receptors on membrane of granulosa cells
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FSH
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List the Factors required for growth of secondary follicle & oocyte
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FSH
EGF/IGF-1 Calcium |
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secondary follicle cavities contain ______________________________.
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liquor folliculi, a hyaluronic acid-rich fluid
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stalk b/t stratum granulosum & oocyte)
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cumulus oophorus
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cumulus cells immediately surrounding oocyte; released w/ oocyte at ovulation;
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cumulus radiata
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Extracellular, densely staining, PAS-positive material located b/t granulosa cells
b.Secreted by granulosa cells c.Contains hyaluronic acid & proteoglycans. |
Call-Exner bodies
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_________________________Extends through the full thickness of cortex & creates bulge on surface of ovary!!!!!.---very important for identifying mature
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Mature/Graffian follicle
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What histologically happens to the theca interna cells associated with a graffian follicle?
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lipid droplets & ultrastructurally resemble steroid-producing cells
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Discuss the process of estrogen secretion by the graffian follicle.
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1.LH stimulates theca interna secrete androgens (estrogen precursor) transported to sER of granulosa cells
2.FSH granulosa cells convert androgens into estrogens proliferation of granulosa cells increase follicle size. 3. estrogen (from follicle & other sources) correlated with sensitization of gonadotropes to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). 4.24 hours prior to ovulation, surge in release of FSH and/or LH from gonadotropes 5.LH surge downregulation (desensitization) of LH receptors on granulosa cells, granulosa cells no longer produce estrogen in response to LH, triggers 1st meiotic division (primary oocyte) secondary oocyte & 1st polar body 6.Granulosa & thecal cells undergo lutenization & produce progesterone. |
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LH stimulates ____________ to secrete androgens(estrogen precurser)
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Theca interna
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The androgens secreted by the theca interna are transported to the sER of ___________________.
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Granulosa cells
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_________ stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to __________.
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FSH
Estrogens |
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Proliferation of what cell increases the size of the graffian follicle during estrogen production/secretion?
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Granulosa
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Increased estrogen (from follicle & other sources) correlated with increased sensitization of _________________________________________________
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gonadotropes to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
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_______ and/or _______ are released in a surge 24hrs prior to ovulation.
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FSH
LH |
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What is the consequence of an LH surge?
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downregulation (desensitization) of LH receptors on granulosa cells, granulosa cells no longer produce estrogen in response to LH, triggers 1st meiotic division (primary oocyte) > secondary oocyte & 1st polar body
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Granulosa & thecal cells undergo ___________& produce progesterone towards the conclusion of the graffian follicle life-span.
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lutenization
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Granulosa & thecal cells undergo ___________& produce progesterone towards the conclusion of the graffian follicle life-span.
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lutenization
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process of follicle degeneration & loss; occurs at any stage of development
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Ovarian follicular atresia
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Granulosa & thecal cells undergo ___________& produce progesterone towards the conclusion of the graffian follicle life-span.
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lutenization
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process of follicle degeneration & loss; occurs at any stage of development
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Ovarian follicular atresia
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Granulosa & thecal cells undergo ___________& produce progesterone towards the conclusion of the graffian follicle life-span.
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lutenization
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Ovarian follicular atresia is moderated by _______________________.
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granulosa cell apoptosis
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_________ stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to __________.
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FSH
Estrogens |
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process of follicle degeneration & loss; occurs at any stage of development
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Ovarian follicular atresia
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What types of follicles can undergo atresia?
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Primordial/small growing
large growing |
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process of follicle degeneration & loss; occurs at any stage of development
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Ovarian follicular atresia
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Ovarian follicular atresia is moderated by _______________________.
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granulosa cell apoptosis
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Proliferation of what cell increases the size of the graffian follicle during estrogen production/secretion?
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Granulosa
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Ovarian follicular atresia is moderated by _______________________.
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granulosa cell apoptosis
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Which occurs first during atresia of large follicles: degeneration of granulosa cells or degeneration of oocyte?
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Granulosa first
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What types of follicles can undergo atresia?
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Primordial/small growing
large growing |
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What types of follicles can undergo atresia?
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Primordial/small growing
large growing |
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Which occurs first during atresia of large follicles: degeneration of granulosa cells or degeneration of oocyte?
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Granulosa first
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Ovarian follicular atresia is moderated by _______________________.
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granulosa cell apoptosis
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Which occurs first during atresia of large follicles: degeneration of granulosa cells or degeneration of oocyte?
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Granulosa first
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Increased estrogen (from follicle & other sources) correlated with increased sensitization of _________________________________________________
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gonadotropes to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
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What types of follicles can undergo atresia?
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Primordial/small growing
large growing |
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_______ and/or _______ are released in a surge 24hrs prior to ovulation.
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FSH
LH |
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Which occurs first during atresia of large follicles: degeneration of granulosa cells or degeneration of oocyte?
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Granulosa first
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What is the consequence of an LH surge?
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downregulation (desensitization) of LH receptors on granulosa cells, granulosa cells no longer produce estrogen in response to LH, triggers 1st meiotic division (primary oocyte) > secondary oocyte & 1st polar body
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Granulosa & thecal cells undergo ___________& produce progesterone towards the conclusion of the graffian follicle life-span.
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Lutenization
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process of follicle degeneration & loss; occurs at any stage of development
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Ovarian follicular atresia
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Ovarian follicular atresia is moderated by _______________________.
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granulosa cell apoptosis
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What types of follicles can undergo atresia?
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Primordial/small growing
large growing |
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Which occurs first during atresia of large follicles: degeneration of granulosa cells or degeneration of oocyte?
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Granulosa first
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Which 2 cells arrive with atresia and phagocytose degenerate material?
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neutrophils
macrophage |
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What happens to the theca interna cells with atresia?
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Hypertrophy
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During atresia, granulosa cells are invaded by ______________________.
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vascularized CT
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______________ is a characteristic feature of follicles in late atresia stages.(membrane phenomena)
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glassy membrane
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Discuss the glassy membrane.
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B. Basement membrane separates from granulosa cells > increases thickness forming wavy hyaline layer (glassy membrane)
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__________ is a protein that inhibits & delays apoptotic changes in granulosa cells
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Neural apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP)
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What stimulates the secretion of NAIP?
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Gonadotropin
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When (what stage) is NAIP NOT expressed?
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Present in all stages
absent in follicles undergoing atresia....duh...it inhibits atresia |
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____________ is the release of secondary oocyte from mature (Graafian) follicle
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Ovulation
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What hormonal activity and enzyme activities assist the oocytes migration across the entire follicle wall and germinal epithelium?
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A.Increase volume & pressure of follicular fluid
B.Proteolysis of follicular wall by activated plasminogen C.Deposition of glycosaminoglycans b/t oocyte-cumulus complex & granulosa cells D.Prostaglandin-induced contraction of smooth muscle in theca externa, |
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Blood flow stops to what structure just prior to ovulation?
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Macula Pellucida/Stigma
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What structures prevent loss of the oocyte into the peritoneum during ovulation/migration to the uterine tube?
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Fimbriae of uterine tube
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Secondary oocyte remains viable for ~ ________ (how long?) following ovulation
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24hrs
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The corpus luteum is considered a ________ gland.
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endocrine
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What is the corpus luteum?
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It is the leftover follicle wall: Granulosa and Theca cells
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Blood clot forms in follicular lumen; bleeding from capillaries in theca interna---What do we call the clot?
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corpus hemorrhagicum
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Again....what histological changes occur in the granulosa and theca cells when they form the corpus luteum?
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hypertrophy; lipid droplets & lipochrome; ultrastructurally resemble steroid-secreting cells
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What are the 2 types of luteal cells?
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Granulosa lutein cells
Theca lutein cells |
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What is the function of luteal cells?
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secretes progesterone & estrogens > stimulates growth & secretory activity of uterus endometrium (prep for implantation).
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______________________ is the degenerated corpus luteum
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Corpus albicans
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In the absence of a pregnancy, how long is the corpus luteum active?
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14 days
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If Human chorionic gonadotropin is absent(hormone), what is the effect on estrogen/progesterone and corpus luteum?
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Estrogen and progesterone secretion decreases
Corpus luteum degenerates |
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What accumulates to form a white scar----the corpus albicans?
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intercellular hyaline material
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Where does fertilization occur?
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Ampulla of uterine tube
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Discuss fertilization....the whole thing....
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1. Capacitated sperm bind zona pellucida (ZP) receptors triggers sperm acrosome reaction
A. Enzymes (hyaluronidases) released from sperm limited digestion of zona pellucida B. Sperm b/c competent for binding & fusing w/ oocyte plasma membrane 2. Sperm bind & fuse w/ oocyte diploid zygote (2n) w/ 46 chromosomes 3. Postfusion events prevent polyspermy: A.Fast block to polyspermy: large & long-lasting depolarization of oocyte plasma membrane transient electrical block to polyspermy B.Cortical reaction: depolarization > Ca2+ release > propagatates a cortical reaction wave exocytosis of cortical granules C.Zona reaction: Cortical granule enzymes (proteases) degrade plasma membrane sperm receptors & form perivitelline barrier by cross-linking proteins on surface of zona pellucida the final & permanent block to polyspermy. 4.Zygote undergoes mitotic division (cleavage)>beginning of embryonic development. |
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What 3 events prevent polyspermy?
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depolarization of oocyte plasma membrane > transient electrical block
Cortical reaction Zona reaction |
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ID reaction: Cortical granule enzymes (proteases) degrade plasma membrane sperm receptors & form perivitelline barrier by cross-linking proteins on surface of zona pellucida the final & permanent block to polyspermy.
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Zona reaction
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ID reaction: depolarization > Ca2+ release > propagatates a reaction wave > exocytosis of cortical granules
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Cortical reaction
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What signals the beginning of embryonic development?
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Zygote undergoes mitotic division (cleavage)
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The corpus luteum of pregnancy requires ____________ and _______________ secretions (leteotropins) for maintanence.
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Paracrine and endocrine
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What organ produces the paracine Luteotopins?
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Ovary
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List the paracrine Luteotrops?
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estrogens, IGF-I & IGF-II
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List the 3 endocrine Luteotrops.
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hCG
LH and Prolactin Insulin |
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secreted by trophoblast of chorion; stimulates corpus luteum preventing degeneration
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hCG--Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
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Corpus luteum secretes high levels of ___________> blocks cyclic development of follicles
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Progesterone
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The functions of the corpus luteum during pregnancy are taken over by the ________ after about 8weeks.
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Placenta
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Paired tubes; extend bilaterally from uterus to ovaries; one end adjacent to ovary & open to peritoneal cavity; other end connects w/ uterus
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uterine tubes
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What is the function of the uterine tubes?
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transport of oocyte from ovary to uterus; environment for fertilization & embryo development
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What are the 4 segments of the unterine tube?
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Infundibulum
Ampulla Isthmus Uterine/Intramural |
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Which part of the uterine tube is closest to the ovary?
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Infundibulum
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What are the 3 layers of the uterine tube?
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Mucosa
Muscularis Serosa |
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What 2 types of cells are found lining the uterine tube?
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Simple columnar
Peg cells |
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Which of the following are cilitated in the uterine tube: Peg cells/simple columnar?
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Simple columnar
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What does the peg cell do?
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Secretes nutritive fluid for the oocyte
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Ratio of ciliated:peg cells changes during hormone cycle
1.Estrogen stimulates _______ 2.Progesterone stimulates______________ |
estrogen = ciliogenesis
Progesterone = increase number of secretory cells |
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Is uterine transport unidirectional or bidirectional?
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Bidirectional
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What 2 action assist in the movement of the oocyte down the uterine tube?
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Ciliary mvmt
Perstalsis |
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Who "swims" against the flow in the uterine tube?
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Sperm
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Ectopic pregnancy is the result from conditions altering _______________
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tubal transport system
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____________ is the site of all subsequent embryonic and fetal development.
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Uterus
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Hollow, pear-shaped organ located in pelvis between bladder and rectum; Flattened lumen continuous w/ uterine tubes and vagina
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Uterus
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What are the 2 anatomic divisions of the uterus?
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Body
Cervix |
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What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?
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Endometrium
Myometrium Visceral Perimetrium |
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Does the visceral permetrium cover the entire uterus? If not, what covers the rest?
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No
Adventitia covers most of Anterior |
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What is the thickest layer of the uterine wall?
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Myometrium
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How many layer of smooth mm are in the myometrium?
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3
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What happens to the smooth mm in the myometrium with pregnancy?
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A.Hypertrophy of existing smooth muscle cells
B.Mitosis of pre-existing & differentiation of mesenchymal cells |
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Describe the post-pregnancy uterus?
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After delivery, some muscle fibers degenerate, most return to original size
A.Uterine cavity remains larger B. Muscular wall remains thicker than before pregnancy |
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In what layer of the uterine wall do you find uterine glands?
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Endometrium
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What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?
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Stratum Functionale
Stratum Basale |
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Which layer of the endometrium is lost during menstration?
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Stratum Functionale
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____________________ acts as a source for the regeneration of the stratum functionale after menstration.
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Stratum Basale
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Discuss the vasculature of the uterus.
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1.Uterine artery (in myometrium) 6 – 10 arcuate arteries (anastomose in myometrium) radial arteries enter the basal layer of endometrium straight arteries supply stratum basale.
2.Main branch of radial artery continues upward spiral artery (highly coiled) arterioles capillary bed 3.Capillary bed also contains lacunae (thin-walled dilated segments of efferent lymphatic vessels). 4.Straight arteries & proximal part of spiral arteries do not change during menstrual cycle 5.Distal portion of spiral arteries undergo degeneration & regeneration in response to estrogen & progesterone. |
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What substance ultimately regulates the menstrual cycle?
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Gonadotropins
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Gonadotropins regulate steroid secretion by the __________.
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Ovary
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What are the 3 successive phases of the menstrual cycle?
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Menstrual
Proliferative Secretory |
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__________phase: begins as ovarian hormone production w/ degeneration of corpus luteum.
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menstrual
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___________phase: occurs concurrently w/ follicule maturation; influenced by ovarian secretion of estrogen
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Proliferative
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__________phase: coincides w/ functional activity of corpus luteum; primarily influenced by progesterone
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Secretory
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_______________ phase = hemorrhagic discharge (menses) of functional layer of endometrium
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menstrual phase
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Discuss the levels of estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual phase.
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They decrease quite a bit.
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What kind of effect does low levels of estrogen and progesterone have on the spiral arteries?
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contraction/relaxation
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What happens to the uterine glands during menstruation?
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They stop secreting
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During the mentstrual phase there is long term vasoconstriction (2-3days) this leads to ischemia and necrosis of the ________________________.
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Stratum functionale of the endometrium
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Discuss the vascular phenomena that occur with the menstrual phase.
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3.Long-term vasoconstriction (i.e., 2-3 days) ischemia & necrosis of stratum functionale.
4.Vasoconstriction followed by intermittent vasodilation of spiral arteries, rupturing of arterial walls releasing blood into stroma, detaching stratum functionale & dislodging necrotic tissue. 5.Spiral arteries close off blood flow into stratum basale but not stratum functionale. 6.Stratum basale is supplied by straight arteries (do not undergo prolonged vasoconstriction), basale does not become necrotic & is not lost 7.Blood, uterine fluid, & lost stromal & epithelial cells from stratum functionale constitute vaginal discharge; blood clotting inhibited 8.Menstrual flow normally lasts ~ 5 days and results in loss of 35 – 50 ml of blood |
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What is the main function of the proleferative phase?
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Renewal of the stratum functionale
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How thick is the endometrium at the beginning of proliferative phase?
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1mm
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What hormone/chemical initiates the proliferative phase?
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Estrogen
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What do stratum basale epithelial cells do during the proliferative phase?
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Epithelial cells in basal portion of glands (stratum basale) reconstitute glands & migrate to cover endometrial surface
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Discuss what the stromal and spiral arteries do during the proliferative phase.
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Stromal cells proliferate secrete collagen & ground substance
Spiral arteries lengthen (extending ~ 2/3 of endometrium) as endometrium is reestablished |
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The proliferative phase continues until about ___ day(s) after ovulation.
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1
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How thick is the endometrium upon completion of the proliferative phase?
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about 3mm
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__________ accumulates in the basal domain of the epithelial cells at the end of the proliferative phase.
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Glycogen
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The secretory phase begins shortly after ____________.
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ovulation
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What hormone/chemical is responsible for the corkscrew changes in the stratum functionale of the secretory uterus?
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Progesterone
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Discuss the changes to the endometrium associated with the secretory phase.
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Endometrium becomes edematous & eventually becomes 5-6 mm thick
Glands enlarge & become coiled or corkscrew shaped, lumens become sacculated due to secretory products Glands produce mucoid fluid rich in nutrients, esp. glycogen, to support development of implanted embryo Growth not due to mitosis, but hypertrophy of epithelial cells, increased vascularity & edema of the endometrium Spiral arteries lengthen becoming more coiled extending nearly to surface of endometrium Transformation of stromal cells decidual cells rich in glycogen; |
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Transformation of stromal cells/decidual cells to become rich in glycogen is stimulated by _______________.
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implantation of embryo
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Discuss implantation in its entirety.
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1.Zygote cleavage followed by series of mitotic divisions w/out cell growth rapidly cell number of the embryo morula (L, mulberry); individual cells are called blastomeres.
2.3rd day following fertilization, 12-16 cell morula (still surrounded by zona pellucida) enters uterus. 3. Morula remains free in uterus for ~ 1 day blastocyst, (hollow sphere of cells w/ a centrally located clump of cells). 4.Inner cell mass of blastocyst embryo proper while surrounding layer of cells trophoblast & placenta. 5.Fluid passes thru zona pellucida fluid-filled blastocyst cavity blastocyst. 6.Blastocyst continues to divide, zona pellucida disappears, outer cell mass trophoblast & inner cell mass embryoblast. 7.Implantation occurs during implantation window (period that uterus is receptive for implantation of embryo). 8.Implantation window (days 6-10 following LH surge) results from series of programmed actions of progesterone and estrogen on endometrium. 9.Anti-progesterone drugs (RU-486; Mifepristone) compete w/ progesterone for receptors blocking ovulation & implantation window. 10. Trophoblastic cells contact uterine wall, proliferate & invade endometrium differentiates into syncytiotrophoblast (not mitotically active; invades epithelium & stroma of endometrium; contains features consistent w/secretion of progesterone, estrogens, hCG & lactogens) & cytotrophoblast (mitotically active inner cell layer cells fuses w/ syncytiotrophoblast). 11.Blastocyst entirely embedded w/in endometrium on ~ 11th day of development. |
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_____ is the lower region of the uterus.
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Cervix
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How does the mucosa of the cervix differ from that of the uterine body?
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A.Endometrium does not undergo cyclic proliferation & shedding
B.Contains large, branched glands but no spiral arteries |
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Where are the 2 constricted opening in the cervix?
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External os (constricted opening) b/t cervical canal & vagina; internal os (constricted opening) b/t cervical canal & uterus
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Cervical glands undergo cyclic changes in response to _____________________.
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Cyclic changes related to sperm transport w/in cervical canal
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What hormone(s) affect the amount and properties of cervical mucous?
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Estrogen and progesterone
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When/How/WHy is cervical mucous more viscous?
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after midcycle – more viscous mucus > increase in progesterone following ovulation (restrict sperm motility)
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When/How/WHy is cervical mucous less viscous?
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Midcycle – increase in estrogen from mature follicle increase mucous production > ~10-fold & b/c less viscous ( more favorable for sperm motility)
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____________ are blocked openings of cervical glands; retention of secretions dilated cyst formation; develop frequently; clinically important only if cysts cause enlargement of cervix
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Nabothian/retention cysts
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Discuss the when and what of the cervical plug.
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During pregnancy - thick, viscous secretion plugs entry into the uterus; forms cervical plug
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What are the 2 regions of the cervix?
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endo and ectocervix
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1. Region of cervix that projects into vagina
2. Stratified squamous epithelium 3. Mature epithelial cells (i.e., superficial cells) have clear cytoplasm high glycogen content. |
ectocervix
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1.forms Cervical canal
2.Mucus-secreting columnar epithelium |
endocervix
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Discuss the variation in the transformational zone from endocervix to ectocervix.
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2.Stratified squamous epithelium > simple columnar epithelium
A.Located outside the external os in reproductive age women but in cervical canal before puberty & after menopause. |
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What is significant about the tranformational zone of the cervix?
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B.Site of metaplastic changes > cervical cancer
C.Shed cervical cells are collected for Pap smears to screen for metaplastic changes |
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Fibromuscular tube extends from cervix to external reproductive organs
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Vagina
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Does the vagina contain glands?
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No
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Vaginal sensory nerve receptors are more plentiful in the __________ and sense what?
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lower 1/3
Pain and Stretch |
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What are the layers of the vaginal wall?
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inner mucosa
middle muscular outer adventitial |
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The vaginal surface is lubricated by mucous from the _______ because the vagina contains no ____________.
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cervix
Glands |
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During follicular phase & in response to estrogen, Vaginal epithelial cells accumulate ____________
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Glycogen
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There are numerous transverse folds in the vagina these can also be called ______.
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Rugae
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What cell types increase in the lamina propria of the vagina during menstruation?
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Neutrophils
lymphocytes Lymph nodules |
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_________ (from granulosa cells of follicle) induces epithelial cells to synthesize and store glycogen
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estrogen
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When vaginal epithelial cells are shed, _________ is released.
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Glycogen
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What is the significance of glycogen in the vagina?
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3.Bacterial flora of vagina converts glycogen lactic acid increases pH (during follicular phase) inhibit pathogenic invasion
4.Alkaline pH favors growth of infectious agents (staphylococci, Corynebacterium vaginale, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans) increase in vaginal transexudates (leakage of fluid from blood vessels) & inflammation of muscosa 5.Diagnosed w/ Pap smears; treated w/ antimicrobial agents & therapy to restore low pH. |
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Discuss the muscular layer of the vagina.
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1. 2 indistinct, intermingling smooth muscle layers
2. Thin, inner circular layer 3. Thick, outer longitudinal layer - continuous with outer longitudinal layer of uterus |
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Would you find striated mm associated with the vagina? If so, Where?
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Striated muscle present in bulbospongiosus muscle at vaginal opening
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What type of glands (morphology) are mammary glands?
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Compound tubuloalveolar
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Mammary glands are derived from modified ____________________.
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Apocrine sweat glands in the epidermis
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Discuss the composition of the mammary gland.
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6.Each gland ends in a lactiferous duct open via constricted orifice onto nipple
Lactiferous duct lined with stratified squamous epithelium 7.Beneath areola, each duct has lactiferous sinus (dilated portion) A.Lined with 2 layers of cuboidal cells B.Provides milk storage 8.Remainder of duct system lined by single layer of cuboidal cells 9.Myoepithelial cells surround secretory cells and ducts |
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___________ are dense fibrous strands of CT extending from dermis into gland & divide mammary gland into lobes
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Suspensory (Cooper’s) ligaments
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What are the 4 duct types associated with mammary glands? In what physiologic phase are these more abundant than the glandular epi?
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Intralobular ducts interlobular ducts main duct lactiferous duct
Inactive mammary |
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Discuss the cyclic changes of the mammaries associated with the menstrual cycle.
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A.Early in cycle, ducts appear as cords (little or no lumen)
B.At ovulation, upon estrogen stimulation, secretory cells increase in height, lumen appear in ducts, & fluid accumulates in CT |
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Discuss the changes in the mammaries during pregnancy.
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1.Occurs in response to increase in estrogen & progesterone (ovary placenta) & prolactin (lactotropes)
2.Non-uniform development of glandular tissue, variation in cell size within single lobule. 3.decrease in amount of connective and adipose tissue; terminal portions of ducts branch & grow; alveoli (secretory units) develop 4.Early in pregnancy, mammary glands undergo mitotic proliferation of cells ducts branch and alveoli develop 5.Late in pregnancy, more prominent development of alveoli; stromal cell proliferation ; breast via hypertrophy of secretory cells & accumulation of secretory product (colostrum) in alveoli 6.Alveoli (active glands): cuboidal cells partially surrounded by myoepithelial cells 7.Infiltration of CT by plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils |
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Discuss the production of milk.
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1.Secretory cells may have large lipid droplets & secretory vesicles in apical cytoplasm depending on secretory state
2.2 products produced by different mechanisms: A.Protein component produced by merocrine secretion (i.e., exocytosis) B.Lipid component produced by apocrine secretion (product surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm & plasma membrane |
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What are the 2 general components of milk?
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protein
Lipid |
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Discuss Colostrum.
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1.Secretion first released following childbirth
2.Alkaline yellowish secretion containing protein, minerals & lactalbumin 3.Has more protein, vitamin A, Na+, & Cl- than milk 4.Has less lipid, carbohydrate, and K+ than milk 5.Lots of Abs (mainly IgA) provides passive immunity |
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When is milk produced?
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4th day after birth
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Discuss the hormonal regulation of the mammary.
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1.Initial growth at puberty – due to estrogens and progesterone from maturing ovary
2.During pregnancy, estrogen (corpus luteum) proliferation of lactiferous duct components; progesterone (placenta) growth of alveoli 3.Now believed, mammary gland growth also depends on prolactin (lactotropes), hCS from placenta; glucocorticoids (fasciculata cells) |
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How is lactation regulated?
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1.Prolactin (lactotropes) stimulates milk production (continuously produced)
2.Estrogen and progesterone suppress effects of prolactin 3.Following birth, levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease release of prolactin increase milk production; also requires GH, glucocorticoids & PTH 4.Suckling stimulates afferent neurons info to hypothalamus release of oxytocin (contraction of myoepithelial cells & milk letdown) & inhibition of prolactin-inhibiting hormone (dopamine) release of prolactin stimulate milk production 5.Absence of suckling, milk secretion ceases, and regression of glands return glands to inactive state |
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When does involution of the mammary occur?
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following menopause
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Discuss the blood supply of the mammary.
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1.Arteries derived from: thoracic branches of axillary artery; internal thoracic (internal mammary) artery; and anterior intercostal artery
2.Branches of vessels travel w/ alveolar ducts capillary beds surrounding alveoli 3.Veins follow arteries axillary and internal thoracic veins 4.Lymphatic capillaries in CT surround alveoli & drain into axillary, supraclavicular, or parasternal lymph nodes. |
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Discuss the innervation of the mammary.
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1.Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches from 2nd – 6th intercostal nerves
2.Afferent and sympathetic fibers to and from breast 3.Afferent impulses associated with suckling involved in reflex secretion of prolactin and oxytocin. |
