Herp Exam 1 Notes

Front 1

People: Aerostotal

Back 1

Constructed a biological taxonomy that divided the
animal world into genera and species.

Front 2

Plliiny the Ellder

Back 2

Authoritative text until the 1600’s

Front 3

The Rolle of Chriistiianiity

Back 3

Existence is good and God’s benevolence is complete;
therefore, God created every creature with a distinct
essence and in an order that graded from inanimate objects,
through plants, invertebrates, and then through “higher”
forms.

Front 4

Scala naturae

Back 4

The order—permanent and
unchanging—dominated man’s concept of organisms and
their relationships until the early 19th century

Front 5

People: Carl Linnaeus

Back 5

• Classified the world’s known
plants and animals in Systema
Naturae—1st ed in 1735; total
of 12 (last in 1766)
• Introduced binominal
nomenclature

Front 6

People: impact of Linneaus

Back 6

Defined “Amphibia”
– Included amphibians and reptiles, along with
cartilaginous fishes

Front 7

People: Anaximander

Back 7

1st Evolutionary Biologist”
Studies water-dwelling animals

Front 8

People: Francesco Redi

Back 8

Natural history, and anatomy of viper bites;
philosophy of Spontaneous Generation

Front 9

People: Albertus Seba

Back 9

Pharmacst; largest collection of natural
history objects of his day - formed the
basis of the St. Petersberg collections;
Outstanding illustrations

Front 10

Jakob Klein

Back 10

Coined the term “Herpetology” in
reference to all limbless animals;
large private collection & library;
inventor of a classification scheme
to rival Linneaus

Front 11

A. J. Rösel von Rosenhof

Back 11

“Father of German entomology,” published
Historia Naturalis Ranarum Nostratium:
1. exquisite, hand-colored plates
2. complete life cycle of all German anurans
3. anatomy & osteology

Front 12

Georges Cuvier

Back 12

Founder of comparative anatomy
and vertebrate paleontology.
• Responsible for building the great
collections of the Paris museum.
• Produced classic Le Règne
Animal—a summary of all
animals—in which he named many
new species of amphibians and
reptiles.
• Believed species immutable.
• Collaborated with Geoffroy on
papers on crocs and turtles brought
back from Napoléon’s expeditions
to Egypt. Named new species of
Crocodylus, Paleosuchus, Alligator,
and Trionyx.

Front 13

François-Marie Daudin

Back 13

After French Revolution
• Histoire Naturelle, Générale et
Particulière des
Reptiles—1801: 8 vols. + 100
plates. Standard herpetological
reference of the time.
• Traite elementaire et complet
d'Ornithologie (Natural History
of Birds)

Front 14

A.-M.-C. Duméril & Gabriel Bibron

Back 14

Co-authors of Erpétologie Général—1834–1854: 9 vol. + atlas.
Work summarized all knowledge of amphibians and reptiles and
superceded that of Daudin.

Front 15

George Shaw

Back 15

Not a researcher—an educator
• Because he used binominal
nomenclature, was first to apply
proper Latin names
• First review of amphibians and
reptiles in English

Front 16

John Edward Gray

Back 16

Founder of zoological
collections at BMNH; added 1
million specimens
• Published many books on
herpetological topics
• Described the tuatara

Front 17

Albert Günther

Back 17

Ichthyologist & herpetologist
• Catalogued many of museum’s
collections—colubrine snakes,
anurans, fishes
• Reptiles of British India
• Sphenodon—not a lizard
• Africa, Australia, Asia

Front 18

George A. Boulenger

Back 18

Hired by Günther to prepare a new
catalogue of amphibians and
reptiles—1882–1896: 9 vol, 8,469 spp
• The most comprehensive review of
the world’s herpetofauna

Front 19

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 19

1 external nostril

Front 20

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 20

shoulder girdle decoupled from head to form neck,
occipital condyle, atlas & axis vertebrae

Front 21

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 21

Radius, ulna, carpus; tibia, fibula, tarsus; digits; fin
rays lost

Front 22

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 22

Dorsal ribs double-headed, differentiated along
columm;

Front 23

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 23

vertebrae differentiated along column

Front 24

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 24

Well-defined centra with notochordal
canal reduced

Front 25

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 25

No midline fins

Front 26

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 26

Neural arches linked by zygapophyses

Front 27

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 27

Sacrum

Front 28

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 28

Dermal
scales
on belly

Front 29

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 29

Pelvic limb large relative to pectoral limb

Front 30

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 30

Pelvic girdle large, 2
halves attached
ventrally

Front 31

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 31

Small cleithrum

Front 32

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 32

large endochondral scapulocoracoid

Front 33

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 33

glenoid fossa faces
anteriorly

Front 34

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 34

large dermal interclavicle

Front 35

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 35

No opercular plates

Front 36

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 36

Long snout; few
nasal bones

Front 37

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 37

Teeth
mainly
anterior
to orbit

Front 38

Tetropod synapomorphies

Back 38

Skull flattened
dorsoventrally

Front 39

Tetrapod synapomorphies

Back 39

Large eyes,
dorsal

Front 40

Tetrapod synapomorphies

Back 40

Stapes
present

Front 41

Tetrapod synapomorphies

Back 41

Fenestra
ovalis
present

Front 42

Tetrapod synapomorphies

Back 42

Otic
region
short

Front 43

Shared-derived characters of amphibians &
amniotes:

Back 43

Resting condition flat for distance vision; rounded for
close vision/ Lens moved forward for distance vision

Front 44

Shared-derived characters of amphibians &
amniotes:

Back 44

Vomeronasal Organ [= Jacobson’s organ]

Front 45

Shared-derived characters of amphibians &
amniotes:

Back 45

Presence of a tympanic cavity

Front 46

Shared-derived characters of amphibians &
amniotes:

Back 46

Purkinje Cells

Front 47

Shared-derived characters of amphibians &
amniotes:

Back 47

Adrenal glands

Front 48

Shared-derived characters of amphibians &
amniotes:

Back 48

Partial/complete separation of oxygenated blood

Front 49

Shared-derived characters of amphibians &
amniotes

Back 49

Simplification of the skeleton—skull