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Herp DAO

Herp Dao

by jnevarez@vetmed.lsu.edu, Sep. 2011

Subjects: dao herp

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69 Cards in this Set

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	What is false about Spirorchids? a. monogenetic trematodes b. predilection for vascular system, especially heart and arteries c. eggs acn cause inflammatory granulomas in CNS d. adults cause endocarditis, arteritis, and thrombosis e. infect fresh and sea turtles	What is false about Spirorchids? a. monogenetic trematodes - they are digenetic All these are true: b. predilection for vascular system, especially heart and arteries c. eggs acn cause inflammatory granulomas in CNS d. adults cause endocarditis, arteritis, and thrombosis e. infect fresh and sea turtles DAO 2006 70:139
	What is true about comparison between histology and real time Taqman PCR? a. histology was more reliable when performed from the toes b. PCR was more reliable c. both were equally reliable d. PCR detected a minimum of 90% versus 80% fir histology	What is true about comparison between histology and real time Taqman PCR? b. PCR was more reliable -swab-PCR assay detected chytridiomycosis infection in a minimum of 14.9% of frogs, whereas histology (toe clips) detected infection in no more than 6.9% of frogs. -negative relationship between a juvenile frog’s snout-vent length and its likelihood of being infected with the disease DAO 2006 70
	Cost efficiency in the detection of chytridiomycosis using PCR assay Vol. 71: 149–154, 2006 -describe a singlicate qPCR assay that can be used to substantially decrease costs, with no significant decrease in sensitivity as opposed to triplicates -use of the conventional PCR assay may lead to appreciable underestimations in disease prevalence	Cost efficiency in the detection of chytridiomycosis using PCR assay Vol. 71: 149–154, 2006 -describe a singlicate qPCR assay that can be used to substantially decrease costs, with no significant decrease in sensitivity as opposed to triplicates -use of the conventional PCR assay may lead to appreciable underestimations in disease prevalence
	What tissue contained the highest levels of PCB's and OC's in Caretta caretta from the Adriatic sea? a. liver b. muscle c. brain d. fat e. kidneys	What tissue contained the highest levels of PCB's and OC's in Caretta caretta from the Adriatic sea? d. fat fat > liver > muscle -levels were lower than those detected in specimens coming from industrialized and polluted areas DAO 2006 71:155
	What is true about non-lethal sampling of tadpoles to detect Bd? a. likelihood of detection increased in larger, more developed tadpoles for lethal sampling b. likelihood of detection increased in larger, more developed tadpoles for mouth-part swabs c. swabbing of mouth parts and qPCR was less sensitive than lethal sampling d. a lower sample size is needed for the non-lethal sampling due to increased sensitivity e. there were no effects from investigator or time since infection	What is true about non-lethal sampling of tadpoles to detect Bd? c. swabbing of mouth parts and qPCR was less sensitive than lethal sampling -likelihood of detecting Bd-infected tadpoles was similar regardless of size and developmental stage -need larger sample size with non-lethal b/c less senstive -detection rates varied with investigator and time since infection -swabbing improved after 2 and 8 wks PI DAO 2006 72:77
	Quantitative measurements of Bd from amphibians is best accomplished how? a. direct microscopic counts of sporangia from ventral abdominal skin sloughs b. direct microscopic examination of deep dermal layers of skin biopsies c. microscopic examination of archived skins using EM d. direct examination of freshly sloughed skin from toes and tubercles to count sporangia e. direct examination of impression smears from actively infected frogs	Quantitative measurements of Bd from amphibians is best accomplished how? d. direct examination of freshly sloughed skin from toes and tubercles to count sporangia -sporangia counts can give an expression of density -toe tips and tubercles contain higher infection densities and are more often infected than webbing or the base of the foot -sporangia restricted to upper layers -need freshly sloughed skin, requires actively shedding animals so not useful in die offs or archived materials -frogs with early or light infections often do not shed as much skin and infection is not as easy to detect DAO 2006 72:153
	What area(s) of the skin slough are more accurate for quantification of Bd? a. foot webbing and toe tips b. base of the foot c. toe tips and tubercles d. throat skin e. inner thigh and tubercles	What area(s) of the skin slough are more accurate for quantification of Bd? c. toe tips and tubercles DAO 2006 72:153
	Survival of three species of anuran metamorphs exposed to UV-B radiation and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Vol. 72: 163–169, 2006 BD susceptibility: R. cascadae (post-metamorph) > B. boreas (larvae) > H. regilla -No synergistic interactions between UV-B and BD were found for any of the test species -Exposure to UV-B radiation did not significantly increase mortality in our study in any of the 3 species	Survival of three species of anuran metamorphs exposed to UV-B radiation and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Vol. 72: 163–169, 2006 BD susceptibility: R. cascadae (post-metamorph) > B. boreas (larvae) > H. regilla -No synergistic interactions between UV-B and BD were found for any of the test species -Exposure to UV-B radiation did not significantly increase mortality in our study in any of the 3 species
	What is true about the Rana catesbeiana virus Z (RCV-Z)? a. it is non-lethal to bullfrogs but highly lethal to other anurans b. has a lower pathogenicity than FV3 c. it is thought to be a herpes virus d. it was isolated from the kidneys e. prior infection with FV3 was protective against RCV-Z mortality	What is true about the Rana catesbeiana virus Z (RCV-Z)? e. prior infection with FV3 was protective against RCV-Z mortality -from die-off of cultured bullfrogs -more pathogenic than FV3 -novel Ranavirus -isolated from visceral tissue as opposed to FV3 in prox tubular epithelium of kidney with rare dissemination to other tissues -FV3 possesses low virulence or pathogenicity in vivo when inoculated into immunocompetent adult frogs, but readily infects and kills frog embryos, larvae, and immunocompromised adults DAO 2006 73:1
	What is the best/recommended method for sampling and diagnostic assay of Bd? a. toe clipping and histopathology b. bathing and PCR c. filtering of bath water and histopathology d. skin swabbing and PCR e. toe clipping and PCR	What is the best/recommended method for sampling and diagnostic assay of Bd? d. skin swabbing and PCR -With the exception of Day 4 p.i., this sampling protocol has the highest sensitivity of all protocols -at day 4PI, toe clipping is more sensitive - frogs: swab ventral surfaces, and the swabs should be stored within the supplied containers. -tadpoles:swab keratinized portions of oral disc -swabs containing B. dendrobatidis are stable for at least 18 mo over a range of temperatures, and we therefore recommend that swabs be stored dry until analysis DAO 2007 73:175
	What is the maximum number of swab samples that should be pooled for population studies of Bd? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5	What is the maximum number of swab samples that should be pooled for population studies of Bd? e. 5 DAO 2007 73:175
	Retreat sites are not a major environmental source of infection when B. dendrobatidis occurs at low prevalence and intensity on frogs a. true b. false	Retreat sites are not a major environmental source of infection when B. dendrobatidis occurs at low prevalence and intensity on frogs a. true DAO 2007 74:7
	Which disinfectant is most effective against Bd at the lowest concentration? a. Virkon b. Tri-gene c. F10 d. betadine e. 70% ethanol	Which disinfectant is most effective against Bd at the lowest concentration? b. Tri-gene F10 – benzalkonium and biguanide based TriGene – ammonium choride and biguanide based -F10 and TriGene are non-toxic, non-irritant, noncorrosive and biodegradable DAO 2007 74:13
	What was shown in an experimental infection of African tadpoles with Bd? a. no evidence that oral chytridiomycosis resulted in decreased growth of tadpoles b. less developed larvae had higher infection rates c. infection was not dependent on developmental status d. mortality of larvae infected in the last stage of development e. reduced oral abnormalities in infected larvae	What was shown in an experimental infection of African tadpoles with Bd? a. no evidence that oral chytridiomycosis resulted in decreased growth of tadpoles -larvae at more advanced developmental stages are more likely to be infected with B. dendrobatidis -Infected individuals of both species were significantly larger than uninfected individuals -infection in larval amphibians may be dependent on time or developmental status of larvae -deaths in postmetamorphs DAO 2007 74:159
	Strain differences in the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and non-permanent, sub-lethal effects of infection Vol. 75: 201–207, 2007 -investigated variation in Bd by exposing standardized host groups to 2 Bd strains in a uniform environment. All exposed frogs became infected, but subsequent lethal and sub-lethal (weight loss) responses differed among groups -While controls gained weight during the course of the study, all infected frogs lost weight -Using heat, we cleared infection from half of the surviving frogs, leaving the other half infected, then continued to monitor mortality and weight. Mortality ceased among disinfected frogs but continued among infected frogs. Disinfected frogs gained weight significantly more than infected frogs, to the point of becoming indistinguishable from controls, demonstrating that at least some of the effects of sub-lethal chytridiomycosis on hosts can be non-permanent and reversible.	Strain differences in the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and non-permanent, sub-lethal effects of infection Vol. 75: 201–207, 2007 -investigated variation in Bd by exposing standardized host groups to 2 Bd strains in a uniform environment. All exposed frogs became infected, but subsequent lethal and sub-lethal (weight loss) responses differed among groups -While controls gained weight during the course of the study, all infected frogs lost weight -Using heat, we cleared infection from half of the surviving frogs, leaving the other half infected, then continued to monitor mortality and weight. Mortality ceased among disinfected frogs but continued among infected frogs. Disinfected frogs gained weight significantly more than infected frogs, to the point of becoming indistinguishable from controls, demonstrating that at least some of the effects of sub-lethal chytridiomycosis on hosts can be non-permanent and reversible.
	What is true about the transmission and effects of Bd in Australian rain forest stream frogs? a. no correlation between conservation status and disease transmission b. rates of contact between individuals may be independent of population size c. high rate of contact between frog species is responsible for high transmission rates d. water plays a minimal role in transmission compared to direct contact e. high rate of contact between species but not correlated with transmission	What is true about the transmission and effects of Bd in Australian rain forest stream frogs? b. rates of contact between individuals may be independent of population size -species-specific opportunities for disease transmission were correlated with conservation status w/ higher trans. in thye most critical spp. -contact with stream water and possibly other environmental substrates that serve as reservoirs are likely to be the main source of transmission between species in this system -contact between frogs was always between conspecifics, providing almost no opportunities for cross-species pathogen transmission DAO 2007 77:1
	Quantitative PCR detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis DNA from sediments and water DAO Vol. 77: 11–15, 2007 -detected Bd DNA in water from 3 of 4 sites tested, including one pond historically negative for chytridiomycosis -did not detect DNA of Bd from sediments collected at any sites	Quantitative PCR detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis DNA from sediments and water DAO Vol. 77: 11–15, 2007 -detected Bd DNA in water from 3 of 4 sites tested, including one pond historically negative for chytridiomycosis -did not detect DNA of Bd from sediments collected at any sites
	Transmission dynamics of the amphibian ranavirus Ambystoma tigrinum virusVol. 77: 87–95, 2007 -data suggest that ATV is efficiently transmitted by direct interactions between live animals (bumping, biting and cannibalism) as well as by necrophagy and indirectly via water and fomites -experiments also revealed an important temporal aspect of infectiousness: larval salamanders become infectious soon after exposure to ATV and their propensity to infect others increases with time	Transmission dynamics of the amphibian ranavirus Ambystoma tigrinum virusVol. 77: 87–95, 2007 -data suggest that ATV is efficiently transmitted by direct interactions between live animals (bumping, biting and cannibalism) as well as by necrophagy and indirectly via water and fomites -experiments also revealed an important temporal aspect of infectiousness: larval salamanders become infectious soon after exposure to ATV and their propensity to infect others increases with time
	What is false about Frog virus 3 prevalence in tadpole populations inhabiting cattle-access and non-access wetlands in Tennessee? a. American bullfrogs had lower prevalence in cattle accessed wetlands b. prevalence greater in autumn and winter than in summer for both species c.FV3 prevalence decreased significantly as Gosner stage increased in American bullfrog tadpoles d. prevalence of FV3 was greater in green frog tadpoles residing in cattle-access wetlands e.found FV3 in both tadpole species and cattle land-use types	What is false about Frog virus 3 prevalence in tadpole populations inhabiting cattle-access and non-access wetlands in Tennessee? a. American bullfrogs had lower prevalence in cattle accessed wetlands - there was no diff for bullfrogs All these are true b. prevalence greater in autumn and winter than in summer for both species c.FV3 prevalence decreased significantly as Gosner stage increased in American bullfrog tadpoles;No trend was detected between FV3 prevalence and developmental stage for green frog tadpoles d. prevalence of FV3 was greater in green frog tadpoles residing in cattle-access wetlands e.found FV3 in both tadpole species and cattle land-use types
	Environmental detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a temperate climateVol. 77: 105–112, 2007 -levels of amphibian exposure to B. dendrobatidis are spatially heterogeneous -In experimental microcosms, we detected B. dendrobatidis for up to 12 wk, though we found no evidence for an overall increase in biomass -found that Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis can be detected in the natural environment outside its amphibian host at densities of up to 262 zoospore equivalents l–1. However, we stress that our test does not distinguish DNA from cells, or actively reproducing cells from non reproductive infective ones	Environmental detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a temperate climateVol. 77: 105–112, 2007 -levels of amphibian exposure to B. dendrobatidis are spatially heterogeneous -In experimental microcosms, we detected B. dendrobatidis for up to 12 wk, though we found no evidence for an overall increase in biomass -found that Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis can be detected in the natural environment outside its amphibian host at densities of up to 262 zoospore equivalents l–1. However, we stress that our test does not distinguish DNA from cells, or actively reproducing cells from non reproductive infective ones
	Which of the following does not decrease in Bd infected green tree frogs (Litoria caerulea)? a. blood pH b. potassium c. magnesium d. sodium e. albumin	Which of the following does not decrease in Bd infected amphibians? e. albumin Stable plasma albumin, hematocrit and urea levels indicated that hydration status was unaffected, signifying depletion of electrolytes from circulation rather than dilution due to increased water uptake -Decreased: blood pH, osmolality, Na, K, Mg. Cl due to loss from circulation secondary to disruption of skin DAO 2007 77:113
	Disease associated with integumentary and cloacal parasites in tadpoles of northern red-legged frog Rana aurora auroraVol. 78: 61–71, 2007 - tadpoles were infected with 8 parasites, including Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (the amphibian chytrid), trematodes, leeches, and protozoa -Chytridiomycosis was detected at an overall prevalence of 6.4%, but prevalence was higher in tadpoles with oral disc lesions than in those with normal oral discs (43.5% versus 6.1%) -Tadpoles infected with B. dendrobatidis had a lower diversity of oral parasites than those uninfected	Disease associated with integumentary and cloacal parasites in tadpoles of northern red-legged frog Rana aurora auroraVol. 78: 61–71, 2007 - tadpoles were infected with 8 parasites, including Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (the amphibian chytrid), trematodes, leeches, and protozoa -Chytridiomycosis was detected at an overall prevalence of 6.4%, but prevalence was higher in tadpoles with oral disc lesions than in those with normal oral discs (43.5% versus 6.1%) -Tadpoles infected with B. dendrobatidis had a lower diversity of oral parasites than those uninfected
	Survey for the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Hong Kong in native amphibians and in the international amphibian tradeVol. 78: 87–95, 2007 -none found	Survey for the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Hong Kong in native amphibians and in the international amphibian tradeVol. 78: 87–95, 2007 -none found
	What is the recommended sodium hypochlorite solution for destroying Bd DNA and preventing cross contamination? a. 2% b. 4% c. 8% d. 10% e. 12%	What is the recommended sodium hypochlorite solution for destroying Bd DNA and preventing cross contamination? e. 12% -treatment with 6% NaOCl may be sufficient to destroy DNA and prevent cross-contamination of samples; however, we recommend treatment with 12% NaOCl for 1 h to be confident all B. dendrobatidis DNA is destroyed DAO 2008 80:63
	Identify this organism recovered from the kidney of Trachemys scripta elegans?	Myxidium scripta a clinically significant nephropathy and genetic sequence from a Myxidium parasite affecting a freshwater turtle species in North America
	What is the effect of temperature on storage of samples for Bd testing? a. decreased prevalence in high temperature samples b. reduced number of zoospores in high temperature samples c. frozen samples had lower prevalence than fresh samples d. fresh samples had higher prevalence than high temperature samples e. no effect of temperature of prevalence or recovery	What is the effect of temperature on storage of samples for Bd testing? b. reduced number of zoospores in high temperature samples -Though prevalence of Bd did not differ significantly between swabs that were frozen and those that remained in a car for 7 d (19.2 vs. 17.3%, respectively), the number of Bd zoospores detected on car swabs was, on average, 67% less than that detected on the frozen swab -number of zoospore equivalents varied significantly with treatment - reduced recovery of Bd DNA from swabs stored at higher temperatures compared with those stored at lower temperatures or processed immediately DAO 2008 81:93
	What body region(s) are more likely to yield positive Bd from swabs of the green eyed tree frog in Australia? a. back and abdomen b. abdomen and legs c. legs and feet d. feet and abdomen e. throat and back	What body region(s) are more likely to yield positive Bd from swabs of the green eyed tree frog in Australia? c. legs and feet -swabs taken from the legs and abdomen provided similar sensitivity to detect infections, but using both regions together led to greater sensitivity than either region alone -swabbing any single body region can lead to a high proportion of false negatives in lightly infected frogs -best procedure for all species is to employ separate swabs for each body region DAO 2008 81:117
	Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection patterns among Panamanian amphibian species, habitats and elevations during epizootic and enzootic stagesVol. 81: 189–202, 2008 -during an epizootic, prevalence is high at all elevations, in all habitats and in all species, but especially in species from >500 m elevation and those inhabiting riparian habitats -Once Bd becomes enzootic, prevalence declines and is highest in habitats where amphibians persist, primarily pools, puddles and terrestrial habitat -pattern of disease progression was similar at both sites -Bd infection prevalence increased more rapidly in riparian areas than in surrounding terrestrial areas	Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection patterns among Panamanian amphibian species, habitats and elevations during epizootic and enzootic stagesVol. 81: 189–202, 2008 -during an epizootic, prevalence is high at all elevations, in all habitats and in all species, but especially in species from >500 m elevation and those inhabiting riparian habitats -Once Bd becomes enzootic, prevalence declines and is highest in habitats where amphibians persist, primarily pools, puddles and terrestrial habitat -pattern of disease progression was similar at both sites -Bd infection prevalence increased more rapidly in riparian areas than in surrounding terrestrial areas
	What salamander was found to be infected with Bd in a survey in the SE USA? a. Ambystoma tigrinum b. Ambystoma californiense c. Ambystoma mexicanum d. Salamandra salamandra e. Notphtalmus viridescens	a. Ambystoma tigrinum - tiger b. Ambystoma californiense - California c. Ambystoma mexicanum -axolotl d. Salamandra salamandra -fire newt e. Notphtalmus viridescens - eastern/red spotted newt
	What is the best choice for restraining amphibians? a. nitrile gloves b. latex gloves c. bare hands d. polyethylene gloves e. vinyl gloves	What is the best choice for restraining amphibians? a. nitrile gloves -use of an unused pair of gloves for each new amphibian handled in either the field or the laboratory, and if this is not possible, bare hands are a preferable, although imperfect, alternative to continual use of the same pair of gloves -nitrile > vinyl > latex or polyethylene -nitrile had killing effects -vinyl variable -latex and poly non killing effects -bare hands have killing effects but reduced by washing or 70% ethanol DAO 2008 82:97
	Pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin after single dose intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration to loggerhead turtles Caretta carettaVol. 82: 231–236, 2008 long half-life and a high bioavailability following a single dose of 6 mg kg–1 by IM and SC routes	Pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin after single dose intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration to loggerhead turtles Caretta carettaVol. 82: 231–236, 2008 long half-life and a high bioavailability following a single dose of 6 mg kg–1 by IM and SC routes
	Addition of antifungal skin bacteria to salamanders ameliorates the effects of chytridiomycosisVol. 83: 11–16, 2009 -addition of Pseudomonas reactans to individuals infected with Bd prevented the dramatic weight loss seen in infected salamanders not exposed to the anti- Bd bacteria	Addition of antifungal skin bacteria to salamanders ameliorates the effects of chytridiomycosisVol. 83: 11–16, 2009 -addition of Pseudomonas reactans to individuals infected with Bd prevented the dramatic weight loss seen in infected salamanders not exposed to the anti- Bd bacteria
	Effects of the pathogenic water mold Saprolegnia ferax on survival of amphibian larvaeVol. 83: 187–193, 2009 -S. ferax can kill amphibians at the embryonic and juvenile life history stages, depending on the amphibian species	Effects of the pathogenic water mold Saprolegnia ferax on survival of amphibian larvaeVol. 83: 187–193, 2009 -S. ferax can kill amphibians at the embryonic and juvenile life history stages, depending on the amphibian species
	Using itraconazole to clear Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection, and subsequent depigmentation of Alytes muletensis tadpolesVol. 83: 257–260, 2009 -itraconazole is an effective treatment for infection in larval (midwife toad) Alytes muletensis. Exceptionally low doses applied as few as 7 times were effective at clearing infection from tadpoles for up to 28 d after treatment. However, we cannot recommend itraconazole as a treatment for this species as depigmentation of tadpoles was observed -first report of the use of itraconazole treatment for curing Bd infection in premetamorphic amphibians	Using itraconazole to clear Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection, and subsequent depigmentation of Alytes muletensis tadpolesVol. 83: 257–260, 2009 -itraconazole is an effective treatment for infection in larval (midwife toad) Alytes muletensis. Exceptionally low doses applied as few as 7 times were effective at clearing infection from tadpoles for up to 28 d after treatment. However, we cannot recommend itraconazole as a treatment for this species as depigmentation of tadpoles was observed -first report of the use of itraconazole treatment for curing Bd infection in premetamorphic amphibians
	Which is false about Ranaviruses in amphibians? a. fast growing within host with cell death in a few hours post infection b. major capsid protein is highly conserved and antibodies often cross react across species c. replicate between 12-32oC d. the 500bp at the 5' is commonly used for molecular characterization e. clinical signs are non-specific and isolated to internal organs	Which is false about Ranaviruses in amphibians? e. clinical signs are non-specific and isolated to internal organs - see erythema, ulceration, edema of skin and limbs in addition to organ erythema and necrosis All these are true: a. fast growing within host with cell death in a few hours post infection b. major capsid protein is highly conserved and antibodies often cross react across species c. replicate between 12-32oC d. the 500bp at the 5' is commonly used for molecular characterization DAO 2009 87:243
	Which of the following is not a Ranavirus affecting amphibians? a. Frog Virus 3 b. Ambystoma tigrinum virus c. Chloridivirus d. Bohle iridovirus e. Rana catesbeiana virus Z	Which of the following is not a Ranavirus affecting amphibians? c. Chloridivirus DAO 2009 87:243
	Mass mortality associated with a frog virus 3- like Ranavirus infection in farmed tadpoles Rana catesbeiana from Brazil Vol. 86: 181–191, 2009 - bullfrog tadpoles died from viral injuries located mainly in the kidney, liver, and spleen -study suggests that Ranavirus infection is associated with a pathophysiological host response involving an accumulation of eosinophils in infected tissues, at least in American bullfrogs	Mass mortality associated with a frog virus 3- like Ranavirus infection in farmed tadpoles Rana catesbeiana from Brazil Vol. 86: 181–191, 2009 - bullfrog tadpoles died from viral injuries located mainly in the kidney, liver, and spleen -study suggests that Ranavirus infection is associated with a pathophysiological host response involving an accumulation of eosinophils in infected tissues, at least in American bullfrogs
	Spatial and temporal patterns of Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV) prevalence in tiger salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum Vol. 85: 1–6, 2009 -no morbidity or mortality in these populations even as ATV prevalence values varied from 0 to 57% -- Infection prevalence across the landscape was more similar within a given year than between years. - no statistically significant spatial pattern in prevalence across the landscape	Spatial and temporal patterns of Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV) prevalence in tiger salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum Vol. 85: 1–6, 2009 -no morbidity or mortality in these populations even as ATV prevalence values varied from 0 to 57% -- Infection prevalence across the landscape was more similar within a given year than between years. - no statistically significant spatial pattern in prevalence across the landscape
	Water molds of the genera Saprolegnia and Leptolegnia are pathogenic to the North American frogs Rana catesbeiana and Pseudacris crucifer, respectively Vol. 84: 173–178, 2009 - identified a genus of water mold, Leptolegnia, which has never been recognized as a pathogen of amphibians	Water molds of the genera Saprolegnia and Leptolegnia are pathogenic to the North American frogs Rana catesbeiana and Pseudacris crucifer, respectively Vol. 84: 173–178, 2009 - identified a genus of water mold, Leptolegnia, which has never been recognized as a pathogen of amphibians
	Non-invasive sampling methods for the detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in archived amphibians Vol. 84: 163–166, 2009 -skin swabbing, brushing and scraping were evaluated for ability to yield Bd DNA and destructiveness to specimens -no difference in the ability of each of the techniques to detect Bd infection -Visible evidence of sampling was left by scraping, but not by swabbing or brushing	recommend the skin-brushing technique for the nondestructive sampling of fixed amphibian specimens, including museum reference specimens

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