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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biblical Narrative
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1. Biblical Narratives (1) Know the external elements: the author, the audience, and the author’s perspective deduced from the larger context. (2) Know the internal elements: spatial, temporal, and social setting. (3) Know character development and story-line. (4) Pay attention to sub-genres and how they contribute to the whole story. (5) Determine what the author attempts to teach through the story.
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Biblical Law
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2. Biblical Law (1) Keep in mind that the primary purpose of the Old Testament law is to instruct God’s people. (2) Know the types of the law (casuistic, apodictic, legal series, legal instructions) and categories of the law (purity, ritual, Sabbath, dietary, etc.). (3) Discover the original purpose of each law and its social and cultural specifics. (4) See how Jesus and the New Testament writers interpreted the law. (5) Determine whether a specific (particular) law still has validity for Christians today in the light of what Christ has accomplished. (6) See what lessons (or timeless truths) can be learned from the law that no longer applies today literally.
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Psalms
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3. Psalms (1) Know the general principles of interpretation for biblical poetry. (2) Determine the type of psalm – lament, thanksgiving, hymn, imprecatory . . . 3 (3) Analyze the literary structure, especially “parallelism.” Pay close attention to the strophic (stanza) patters and the pattern of parallel lines. (4) Study the metaphorical language and images. (5) Discover the historical background as much as possible. (6) Do not attempt to develop a whole theology from a specific (particular) psalm or a part of a psalm. Focus on the psalmist’s experience and his perception of God.
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Prophecy |
4. Prophecy (1) Investigate the historical background of the book (2) Study the historical and literary context of a prophecy. (3) Interpret figurative language properly. (4) Discern whether prophecy is conditional or unconditional, forthtelling or foretelling, and fulfilled or unfilled. (5) Determine the central message – what the prophet tries to convey to his contemporary or future audience. (6) Apply prophecies analogously.
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Gospels |
5. Gospels (1) Know the general literary and theological characteristics of each Gospel. (2) Know the author’s purpose and theological perspective. (3) Know the basic content of each Gospel and how the author presents the words (e.g., parables, discourses) and deeds (e.g., miracles) of Jesus. (4) Identify the literary form: discourse, narrative, saying, miracle story, parable, etc. (5) Always examine the literary context. (6) Apply interpretive methods appropriate to the literary genre and form.
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Gospel *Miracles |
For Miracles, *Consider miracles as “enacted parables.” *Study the literary context in which a miracle occurs. *Analyze a miracle in accordance with the common compositional structure (pattern) employed in miracle stories. *Pay attention to how various groups of people responded to the miracle: healed person, disciples, opponents, crowd, Jesus, etc. *Determine why Jesus performed that specific miracle at that specific time in his life. See how this miracle relates to his teaching. *See what that specific miracle teaches about the person and work of Jesus Christ. |
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Gospel *Parables |
For Parables, *Examine the literary context in which a parable is give. *Look for the occasion which prompted Jesus to tell that parable. *Always compare parallel passages that are found in other Gospels. *See if Jesus provides his own interpretation. *Study the social and cultural background of the parable. *Determine the main point of the parable. What is the punch line of the parable? Do not try to draw too many points. |
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Acts |
6. Acts (1) Acts is full of narratives, so the interpretive principles for narratives need to be fully utilized. (2) Acts contains various literary forms (sub-genres) such as speeches, miracle stories, travel itineraries, short episodes, speeches, etc. Employ interpretive approaches appropriate to these sub-genres. (3) Interpret Acts in the light of Luke’s theological perspective, that is, “History of Redemption.”
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Letters |
7. Letters: (1) Study the introductory issues well – author, recipient, date, occasion, purpose, etc. (2) Know the literary and theological characteristics of each letter. (3) Identify the main issues or problems dealt with in each letter. (4) Study the specific situation behind a statement or passage. (5) Apply the basic principles of interpretation that we have studied for prose and narratives. (6) Divide the text into discourse unites and analyze each unit historically, grammatically, and syntactically and deal with key exegetical issues. (7) Note the different subgenres (forms) employed in the letter and determine how they function or support the main argument. (8) Determine whether the text teaches a truth that is trans-cultural and thus permanent and can be applied without any change or it is historically and culturally bound and case-specific and thus must be applied with some modification.
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Revelation |
8. Revelation (1) Seek the author’s original intent. (2) Understand the overall literary structure. (3) Know the major interpretive approaches and various views on Tribulation and Rapture and on Christ’s rule for a millennium and what differences one’s view makes in interpretation (4) Study each scene and each image in the light of Revelation, in light of relevant OT backgrounds, and in view of the historical background of the original audience. (5) Handle imagery properly. (6) Do not attempt to interpret too literally. (7) Try to discover the symbolic elements of Revelation and seek to determine what they stand for. Look for clues in the OT and in the historical context. (8) Determine the major theological themes of Revelation and avoid identifying specific items in Revelation with modern events. 5 (9) With respect to eschatology, agree to disagree on many details and still affirm the reality of Christ’s future, visible, and universal return to judge all humanity. Be humble and do not attempt to solve all mysteries.
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NT example of typology
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Rom. 5:12-2112 Therefore, just as through one man sin entered into the world, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men, because all sinned-- 13 for until the Law sin was in the world; but sin is not imputed when there is no law. 14 Nevertheless death reigned from Adam until Moses, even over those who had not sinned in the likeness of the offense of Adam, who is a type of Him who was to come.
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Define Typolgy |
“A hermeneutical concept in which a biblical place(Jerusalem, Zion), person (Adam, Melchizedek), event (flood, brazen serpent), institution (feasts, covenant), office (prophet, priest, king), or object (tabernacle, altar, incense) becomes a pattern (antitype) by which later person or places are interpreted due to the unity of events within salvation-history.” |
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How can typology is utilized in biblical hermeneutics |
Typology is an important hermeneutical method employed by the biblical writers (esp. NT writers). • Typology is important for understanding the NT use of the OT, esp., NT writers’ understanding of the OT prophecies. • Typology is employed most frequently in the Gospel of Matthew, Paul’s writings, and Hebrews.
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Revelation combines what 3 genres
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letter, apocalyptic, prophecy
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List OT genres
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Narrative, law, Poetry psalm, prophecy wisdom |
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List NT genres
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Gospel, Acts, Letters |
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Define Apocalyptic
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Greek word means "unveiling", "revelation"
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Forthtelling
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--Message applied to their contemporary people and situations – Most of the future prophecies related to the immediate future concerning Israel, Judah and the nations. |
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Foretelling
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– Messages applied to the future audience and situations – According to Fee and Stuart: less than 2 percent of the OT prophecy is messianic; less than 5 percent relates to the new-covenant age; and less than 1 percent concerns events still future to us. |
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Laments:
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most common among psalms (more than 60 palms are laments), either individual (Ps 3; 5-7; 13; 17; 22; 25-28; 31; 3840; 42-43; 51; 54-57; 69-71; 120; 139; 142) or corporate (Ps 9; 12; 44; 58; 60; 74; 79-80; 94; 137), a person or nation crying out its anguish to God.
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Structure of Lament:
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1. Address to God: “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Ps 22:1) 2. Description of distress: “I am in the midst of lions/ . . . whose teeth are spears and arrows” (Ps 57:41). 3. Plea for redemption: “Arise, O Lord!/ Deliver me, O my God!” (Ps 3:7a); “Strike all my enemies on the jaw; break the teeth of the wicked” (Ps 3:7b) 4. Statement of confidence or trust in Yahweh: “O Lord, you will keep us safe/ and protect us from such people forever.” (Ps 12:7)Types of Poetry 5. Confession of sin: “Forgive my iniquity, though it is great” (Ps 25:11b) 6. A Vow or pledge to do certain things: “I am under vows to you, O God;/ I will present my thank offerings to you” (Ps 56:12) 7. Conclusion, usually in the form of praise: “Be exalted, O God, above the heavens;/ Let your glory be over all the earth” (Ps 57:11) |
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Characteristics of Apocaltiptic
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1. Depicts the end of the world brought by means of angelic or otherworldly intermediaries. 2. Uses visions, dreams, and images very frequently. The images are often forms of fantasy rather than of reality. E.g., beasts with seven heads and ten horns (13:1); a woman clothed with the sun (12:1); locusts with scorpion’s tails and human heads (9:10). 3. Uses elaborate and often cryptic symbolism. 4. Involves a battle between the forces of good and evil, with the final triumph of the forces of good. 5. Aims to encourage an oppressed or persecuted religious community. |
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Amanuensis
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Amanuensis refers to a writing secretary Examples in NT: Tertius (Rom. 16:22); Silvanus (1 Pet. 5:12) |
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pseudonymous
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writing or written under a false name: pseu·do·nym: a fictitious name, especially one used by an author. |
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Form and Characteristics of Hebrew Poetry
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1. Metrical Patterns 2. Parallelism 3. Poetic Language and Imagery |
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Letter Introduction |
1. Superscription (Sender) 1) Includes the sender’s title: Apostle, Servant, Prisoner 2) Often includes a co-sender (s): in 7 letters 2. Adscription (Recipient) 1) Often adds a geographical location or relationship with Christ 2) Often includes a co-recipient (s) 3. Salutation (Initial Greeting) 1) Common greetings for Jews and Greeks: Shalom, Chairein 2) Paul’s initial greeting: “Grace and Peace” 3) “Mercy” is added to Paul’s greetings in 1 and 2 Timothy 4. Thanksgiving and Intercessory Prayer: - Often expresses the main themes and the degree of intimacy |
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Letter Body |
Two-Fold DivisionI. Indicative (Doctrine)II. Imperative (Exhortation Body: Common Elements 1. Transitional or Opening Formulas 2. Traditions Material: From the Old Testament From worship Liturgy (e.g., creeds and hymns) From Early Preaching From the Teaching of Jesus 3. Autobiographical Statements 4. Travel Plans 5. Parenesis (Exhortation): Lists of Vices and Virtues Household Codes |
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Letter Conclustion |
Conclusion Peace Wish Request for Prayer Exchange of Greetings Holy Kiss Autographed Greeting Doxology and Benediction |
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General principles.
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1. Confirm the limits of the pericope (passage). Pericope denotes a set of Scripture verses that forms one coherent unit or thought. Some Bibles indicate a pericope by using paragraph divisions and providing subheadings. These divisions are helpful but should not be followed uncritically. Determine whether the pericope you have chosen is a genuine, self-contained unit. 2. Know the literary genre/form of the pericope you have chosen and apply genre-specific principles of interpretation: will be discussed later. . 3. Read the text in several English translations and make a provisional list of exegetical difficulties. If possible, examine the text in its original language (Hebrew or Greek). Use literal (formal) translations (e.g., NKJV, NASB, ESV. . .) and write down significant differences among different translations and also between the English translations and the original text. 4. Examine the textual variants and issues. This requires good knowledge of textual criticism and its methods. Those who do not have this knowledge can refer to the textual comments provided at the bottom of the page in English Bibles or those provided in critical commentaries. 5. Read parallel and related passages and check cross references. “Let Scripture Interpret Scripture.” 2 6. Examine the context. (1) Literary Context Immediate context: Always read the passages before and after your pericope. Context of the whole book: Know the basic outline of the book. (2) Historical Context of the Book Author Recipient/Audience Date and Place Occasion and Purpose (3) The Canonical Context 7. Analyze sentence structure and syntactical relationship. Pay attention to parallels, repetition of words, figures of speech, images, symbols, etc. 8. Deal with grammatical, syntactical, and exegetical issues. 9. Analyze key words, phrases, expressions, and concepts. 10. Research the historical (social, cultural, geographical, and religious) background. 11. Consider the broader biblical and theological contexts. 12. Consult with secondary sources (good commentaries and reference works). (1) Investigate what others have said about the passage. (2) Compare and adjust. (3) Apply your own discoveries throughout your paper. (4) Know when and how to quote. (5) Reveal your sources and provide documentation properly. Avoid plagiarism. (6) Use secondary sources critically. |
