Heredity Test One

Front 1

Tay-Sachs

Back 1

inherited lysosomal storage disorder, prevalent in Oshkenazi Jews, Fatty material supposed to be broken down by lysosome disorder, excess fatty material bocks pathway for nerve transmission.

Front 2

Muscular Dystrophy

Back 2

muscle cells deteriorate stems from a protein dystrophin either too little or not enough produced.

Front 3

Hereditary Spherocytosis

Back 3

disturbs the interface between the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton in red blood cells. Ankyrins are abnormal and parts of the redblood cell plasma membrane disintegrate. Anemia develops as the spleen destroys RBCs faster than the marrow can reproduce them.

Front 4

Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)

Back 4

inherited disease that disrupts the breakdown of certain fatty acids. Fatty acid accumulates in brain tissue and along the spinal cord. Skin darkens irregular heartbeat.

Front 5

Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB)

Back 5

skin layers are not attached correctly resulting in easy bruising, can be fatal.

Front 6

Genetics

Back 6

the study of inherited variation

Front 7

Gene

Back 7

a sequence of DNA that instructs a cell to produce a particular protein.

Front 8

Phenotype

Back 8

the expression of a gene in traits or symptoms.

Front 9

Genotype

Back 9

the allele combinations in an individual that causes particular traits or disorders.

Front 10

Autosome

Back 10

a chromosome that does not have a gene that determines sex.

Front 11

Sex-Chromosome

Back 11

a chromosome that containing genes that specify sex.

Front 12

Diploid

Back 12

a cell containing two sets of chromosomes.

Front 13

Haploid

Back 13

a cell with one set of chromosomes.

Front 14

Telomere

Back 14

a chromosome tip.

Front 15

Embryo

Back 15

in humans, prenatal development until the 8th week when all basic structures are present.

Front 16

Fetus

Back 16

the prenatal human after the eighth week of development, when structures grow and specialize.

Front 17

Dominant

Back 17

a gene variant expressed when present in one copy.

Front 18

Recessive

Back 18

an allele whose expression is masked by another allele.

Front 19

Organelle

Back 19

specialized structure in a eukaryotic cell that carries out a specific function. I.e.-mitochondria-releases energy from nutrients, participates in cell death.

Front 20

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 20

membrane network rough and smooth rough=lysosomes, site of protein synthesis, and folding ; lipid synthesis.

Front 21

Golgi Apparatus

Back 21

stacks of membrane enclosed sacs, site where sugars are made and linked into starches or joined to lipids or proteins.

Front 22

Lysosome

Back 22

sac containing digestive enzymes, degrades debris, recycles cell contents.

Front 23

Mitochondrion

Back 23

two membranes; inner membrane enzyme studded, releases energy from nutrients, participates in cell death.

Front 24

Nucleus

Back 24

porous sac containing DNA, separates DNA within a cell.

Front 25

Peroxisome

Back 25

sac containing enzymes, breaks down and detoxifies various molecules

Front 26

Ribosome

Back 26

two associated globular subunits of RNA and protein, scaffold and catalyst for protein synthesis.

Front 27

Vesicle

Back 27

membrane bound sac, temporarily stores or transports substances.

Front 28

Inborn Error of Metabolism IEM

Back 28

broad category of metabolic disorders, removal of one gene, one enzyme can stop the process and generates the accumulation of excess of one type.

Front 29

Internal factors ref. Cell growth

Back 29

cyclins, and kinases turns on genes that trigger mitosis.

Front 30

External Factors ref. Cell growth

Back 30

crowding, hormones, and growth factors.

Front 31

Interphase=

Back 31

not dividing

Front 32

Metaphase

Back 32

dividing

Front 33

Genome

Back 33

complete set of genetic information for a particular organism.

Front 34

somatic cell

Back 34

a non-sex cell, with 23 chromosomes in humans

Front 35

germinal cell

Back 35

egg or sperm cell which have one copy of the genome.

Front 36

haploid number

Back 36

number of chromosomes present in a gamete.

Front 37

diploid number

Back 37

number of chromosomes present in a normal body cell (46 humans)

Front 38

mitosis stage which replicated chromosomes line up along equatorial plate

Back 38

metaphase

Front 39

sister chromatids separate

Back 39

anaphase

Front 40

what is the purpose of mitosis

Back 40

generate cell division facilitating growth and repair.

Front 41

chromatin

Back 41

DNA and proteins loosely arranged, cant pick out DNA

Front 42

Chromosome

Back 42

DNA and proteins coiled, condensed, "visible DNA"

Front 43

diploid

Back 43

cell having two sets of chromosomes, two copies of a genome

Front 44

diploid number

Back 44

number of chromosomes resent in a normal body cell (46 for humans)

Front 45

prophase

Back 45

before, chromatin condense, nuclear membrane disappears

Front 46

metaphase

Back 46

chromosomes line up along equatorial plate.

Front 47

anaphase

Back 47

centromeres divide, chromatids pull apart no more sister chromatids.

Front 48

telophase

Back 48

FIN-cell divides into 2 cells

Front 49

apoptosis

Back 49

a form of cell death that is a normal part of growth and development

Front 50

polar spindle fibers

Back 50

don't actually attach, facilitates separation of chromosomes, egg shape

Front 51

kintechore spindle fibers

Back 51

attach microtubules, shortening and breaking off/reeling in.

Front 52

cytoskeleton function

Back 52

a framework of protein tubules and rods that supports the cell and gives it a distinctive form.

Front 53

what is signal transduction

Back 53

molecules on the plasma membrane assess, transmit, and amplify incoming messages to the interior.

Front 54

metaphase

Back 54

chromosomes line up along equatorial plate.

Front 55

anaphase

Back 55

centromeres divide, chromatids pull apart no more sister chromatids.

Front 56

telophase

Back 56

FIN-cell divides into 2 cells

Front 57

apoptosis

Back 57

a form of cell death that is a normal part of growth and development

Front 58

polar spindle fibers

Back 58

don't actually attach, facilitates separation of chromosomes, egg shape

Front 59

kintechore spindle fibers

Back 59

attach microtubules, shortening and breaking off/reeling in.

Front 60

cytoskeleton function

Back 60

a framework of protein tubules and rods that supports the cell and gives it a distinctive form.

Front 61

what is signal transduction

Back 61

molecules on the plasma membrane assess, transmit, and amplify incoming messages to the interior.

Front 62

metaphase

Back 62

chromosomes line up along equatorial plate.

Front 63

anaphase

Back 63

centromeres divide, chromatids pull apart no more sister chromatids.

Front 64

telophase

Back 64

FIN-cell divides into 2 cells

Front 65

apoptosis

Back 65

a form of cell death that is a normal part of growth and development

Front 66

polar spindle fibers

Back 66

don't actually attach, facilitates separation of chromosomes, egg shape

Front 67

kintechore spindle fibers

Back 67

attach microtubules, shortening and breaking off/reeling in.

Front 68

cytoskeleton function

Back 68

a framework of protein tubules and rods that supports the cell and gives it a distinctive form.

Front 69

what is signal transduction

Back 69

molecules on the plasma membrane assess, transmit, and amplify incoming messages to the interior.

Front 70

cytoskeleton

Back 70

a framework of protein tubules and rods that supports the cell and gives it a distinctive form

Front 71

signal transduction

Back 71

Molecules on the plasma membrane assess, transmit, and amplify incoming messages to the cells interior

Front 72

induced pluriponent stemcells

Back 72

take specialized human cell then treat it with right chemicals to regress to pluripotent cells

Front 73

pluripotent

Back 73

can give rise to a variety of cell types (embryonic stem cells)

Front 74

totipotent

Back 74

can give rise to every type of cell (fertilized ovum)

Front 75

where do embryonic stem cells come from?

Back 75

5 day old embryos from fertility clinic, removed stemcells and had them undergo mitosis.

Front 76

cord blood is better than bone marrow for stem cells because...

Back 76

you don't need specific cord blood like you do with bone marrow

Front 77

homozygote

Back 77

having two identical alleles of a gene.

Front 78

heterozygote

Back 78

having two different alleles of a gene

Front 79

allele

Back 79

an alternative of (variant) form of a gene

Front 80

homologous chromosome

Back 80

chromosomes with the same gene sequence.

Front 81

mitosis

Back 81

genetically identical

Front 82

meiosis

Back 82

genetically different

Front 83

meiosis

Back 83

used for sexual reproduction, producing new gene combinations, cell division that halves the number of chromosomes to form haploid gametes.

Front 84

spermatogenesis

Back 84

formation of sperm cells, divides mitotically yielding two daughter cells, limitless amount of sperm

Front 85

oogenesis

Back 85

limitless, not attached, cells of different sizes

Front 86

monozygotic twin

Back 86

identical, 1 fertilized ovum

Front 87

dizygotic twin

Back 87

2 fertilized ovum, two different sperm two different eggs, related but not identical like monozygotic