Heredity

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Heredity

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The passing of traits from two parents to their offspring. It happens during asexual and sexual reproduction.

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Offspring

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The young or babies produced during asexual or sexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, they are directly related to their parents and start life as a zygote.

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Gene

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A unit of genetic information.

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Genetic Trait

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A trait determined by genetics.

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Allele

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Variations of a single gene. ex. The different colors of hair people can have - brown, red, black, blonde, etc .

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Genotype

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All of the DNA in a set of genes that determine a certain trait.

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Phenotype

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The outward, physical experience determined by a trait.

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Dominant

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An allele that covers up a recessive allele, and when present, always appears in the phenotype. They are represented by a capital letter.

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Recessive

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Alleles that are covered up by dominant alleles. If one is present in a genotype, then the organism carries the recessive trait. Two must be present for the organism to show the trait in their phenotype. They are represented by a lowercase letter.

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Homozygous

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A genotype that contains two of the same alleles. (AA or aa)

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Heterozygous

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A genotype that contains two different alleles. (Aa)

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Cross

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When two parents mate and form offspring.

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F1 Generation

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The first generation produced by a cross, or the mating of two parents.

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Monohybrid Punnett Square

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A diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotypes of the offspring produced by a cross. This particular diagram only shows one trait. The diagram is four squares inside a larger square, and each little square contains a probable geno/phenotype a single offspring can have.

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Simple Dominance

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A form of heredity where the dominant trait (B) always trumps the recessive trait (b).

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Incomplete Dominance

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A form of heredity where the dominant trait (B) does not fully mask the recessive trait (b). The offspring with a heterozygous genotype will be a hybrid, and show mixed characteristics of both.
ex. Dominant RR flower (red) crosses with a recessive rr flower (white), and produces 20 pink flowers.

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Hybrid

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A new offspring that has mixed traits of the parent organisms. ex. Red Flower + white flower = Pink flower

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Co-Dominance

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A form of heredity where both alleles are dominant, and both contribute to the offspring. ex. a mother with blood type A (AA) and a father with blood type B (BB) have a son with blood type AB (AB).