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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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father of modern genetics
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gregor mendel
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gregor mendel
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-father of modern genetics
-bred garden peas in order to study patterns of inheritance |
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when do you add in probability
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when order matters
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law of dominance
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states that when two organisms, each homozygous for two opposing traits are crosses, the offspring will be hybrid but will exhibit only the dominant trait
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hybrid
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carrying two different alleles
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law of segregation
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during the formation of gametes, the two traits carried by each parent separate
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testcross
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a way to determine the genotype of an individiual plant or animal showing the dominant trait
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law of independent assortment
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during gamete formation, the alleles of a gene for one trait, segregate independently from the alleles of a gene for another trait such as seed color.
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dihybrid cross
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a cross between individuals that are hybrid for 2 different traits
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dihybrid crosses give a phenotype ratio of...
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9:3:3:1
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incomplete dominance
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characterized by blending
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codominance
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both traits show
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pleiotropy
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the ability of one single gene to affect an organism in several or many ways
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epistasis
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two separate genes control one trait, but one gene masks the expression of the other gene
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epistatic
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the gene that masks the expression of the other gene
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polygenic
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the additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character
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linked genes
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genes on the same chromosome
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sex-linked traits are located on the____chromosome
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X chromosome
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autosomes
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22 pairs of human chromosomes
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sex chromosomes
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X and Y chromosome
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color blindless and hemophilia is a_____trait
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recessive sex-linked
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one map unit
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the distance within which recombination occurs 1 percent of the time
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the inactivated X chromosome in a female cell condenses into a
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barr body
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mutations
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any changes in the genome
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somatic cells
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body cells
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down syndrome is caused by
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an extra chromosome 21
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the most common lethal genetic disease in the US
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cystic fibrosis
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cystic fibrosis
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-autosomal recessive
-characterized by buildup of extra cellular fluid in the lungs, digestive tract, etc. -found mainly in caucasians |
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tay sach's disease
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-autosomal recessive
-cause by lack of the enzyme necessary to break down lipids needed for normal brain function. -found mainly in jews |
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huntington's disease
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-autosomal dominant
-disease of the nervous system |
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hemophilia
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-sex linked recessive
-caused by the absence of one or more proteins necessary for normal blood clotting |
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color blindness
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-sex linked recessive
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sickle cell disease
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-autosomal recessive
-mutation in the gene for hemoglobin results in deformed red blook cells |
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down syndrome
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-47 chromosomes due to trisomy 21
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turner's syndrome
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-XO 45 chromosomes due to a missing sex chromosome
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Klinefelter's sydrome
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-XXY
-47 chromosomes due to an extra X chromosome -have male genitals, testes are abnormally small, -men are sterile |
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deletion
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when a fragment lacking a centromere is lost during cell division
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inversion
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when a chromosomal fragment reattaches to its original chromosome but in the reverse orientaion
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translocation
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when a fragment of a chromosome becomes attached to a nonhomologous chromosome
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polyploidy
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when a cell or organism has extra sets of chromosomes
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nondisjunction
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an error that sometimes happens during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate as they should
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aneuploidy
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any abnormal number of chromosomes
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trisomy
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if a chromosome is resent in triplicate
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