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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Heredity?
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The passing of characters from parents to offspring.
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Who was Gregor Johann Mendel?
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An Austrian monk that conducted experiments in which he bred different types of garden peas.
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What was so special about Mendel's work?
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He was the first to develop rules that accurately predict patterns of heredity.
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What is genetics?
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The branch of biology that focuses on heredity.
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Who is T.A Knight?
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A British farmer who crossed a variety of garden peas,
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How did Mendel's work seperate its self from T.A. Knight's?
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T.A Knight unlike Mendel he didn’t count the number of offspring, or analyze the data.
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Why is a Garden Pea a great study for hereditary? (3 reasons)
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Several characters of the garden pea exist in two different forms.
The male and female reproductive parts of the garden pea are enclosed within the same flower. The garden pea is small, grows easily, matures quickly, and produces many offspring. |
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What were the seven characteristics of the Pea plant that Mendel studied?
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Flower Color
Seed Color Seed Shape Pod Color Pod Shape Flower position Plant height |
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What is a monohybrid cross?
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A cross that involves one pair of contrasting traits.
For example just color like crossing a plant with purple flowers with a plant that’s has white flowers. |
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What was the First thing Mendel did in his experiment?
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Allow each variety of garden peas to self-pollinate for several generations.
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What was the generation that he allowed to self pollinate called?
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P1 Generation
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What is True Breeding?
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A particular character that is all of the offspring would display only one form of the character.
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Why do scientists use True Breeding?
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To limit the variables and make sure they are correct about what they are studying for example to make sure the purple flower that would sef pollinate would remain purple
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What is the P Generation?
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Parent Generation is the first two individuals that are crossed in a breeding experiment.
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What was Mendel's cross?
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He pollinated two p generations that have contrasting traits.
Purple Flower Vs White Flower |
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What generation did the P1 generation create?
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The F1 generation (first filial genration)
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Filial is latin for what?
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Daughter
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What happened in the F1 generation?
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Showed 100 percent dominate traits
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What did he do to the F1 generation?
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Let them to self pollinate
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What generation did F1 create?
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The F2 generation
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What was observed in the F2 generation?
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3 were purple 1 were white
3:1 ratio |
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What is the importance of the 3:1 ration in Mendels studies?
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For each of the seven characters studied by Mendel he found the same 3:1 ratio of plants expressing the contrasting traits in F2 generation.
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What was Mendel's hypothesis?
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Each individual has two copies of the gene from each parent
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What was another hypothesis from Mendel?
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There are alternate version of genes which are known as Allles
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What was another Hypothesis by Mendel?
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When two different alleles occur together, one of them may be completely expressed, while the other may show no affect.
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What is a dominant trait?
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The expressed form of a character
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What is a recessive trait?
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The trait that is not expressed when the dominant form of the character
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What do we always use in a test cross?
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Homozygous recessive
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What was Mendel's last hypothesis?
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Alleles for each gene in an individual separate independently of one another, thus gametes carry only one allele for each inherited character. (Each gamete contributes one allele). (Law of Segration)
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What does Homozygous mean?
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Two alleles of a particular gene present in an individual are the same. Example: TT tt FF ff
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What is heterozygous?
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The alleles of a particular gene are present in an individual are different.
For example: Tt Ff Pp |
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What is expressed in heterozygous individuals?
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The dominant allele.
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What is a Genotype?
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The set of alleles that an individual has for character.
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What is a Phenotype?
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The physical appearance of a character.
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What is the Law of Segregation?
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When two alleles form a character they seperate when the gamete is formed.
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What is Probablility?
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number of one kind of possible outcomes/total number of outcomes
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What is Pedigree?
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A family history that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations.
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What is a Carrier?
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can pass the allele for the disorder to their offspring.
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What is Melanin?
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A pigment that gives dark color to hair, skin, scales, eyes and feathers.
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What are Sex-Linked genes?
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An allele that is located only on the x or Y chromosome. Most sex linked genes are carried on the X chromosome and are recessive.
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When will a recessive condition be expressed?
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A recessive condition will be expressed only if she inherits two recessive alleles.
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Dominant or Recessive autosomal dominant?
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Dominant or Recessive: If a gene is autosomal dominant, every individual with the condition will have a parent with the condition.
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If the condition is recessive an individual with the condition can have one, two or neither parent exhibit the condition.
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If the condition is recessive an individual with the condition can have one, two or neither parent exhibit the condition.
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What is heterozygous or homozygous?
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Heterozygous or Homozygous: If individuals with autosomal traits are homozygous dominant or heterozygous, their phenotype will show the dominant allele. If individuals are homozygous recessive their phenotype will show the recessive allele.
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Polygenic inheritance?
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When several genes influence a character.
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What is incomplete Dominance?
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An individual displays a phenotype that is intermediate between the two parents.
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What are multiple alleles?
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Genes with three or more alleles.
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What is Co dominance?
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Both forms of the character are displayed.
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How is Hemophilia linked?
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Sex linked
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What is Sickle cell anemia?
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caused by mutated allele that results in a defective hemoglobin protien and helps protect againist malaria
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What is Huntington disease?
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It is caused by a dominant allele located on an autosome and detoriates the brain when your middle aged
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What is nondisjunction?
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Is an error in meiosis in which chromosomes fail to segregate properly into the daughter cells
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What pair of sex chromosome and pairs of autosomes are in a humanbody?
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1 pair of sex chromosome and 2 pairs of autosomes
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What is cystic fibrosis?
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Is a fatal recessive trait, is the most common fatal hereditary disorder among caucasions.
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What is the frequency among human births to have Sickle Cell Anemia?
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1:500 (African Americans)
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What is the frequency among human births to have Hypercholesterolemia?
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1:500
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What is Hypercholesterolemia?
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Abnormal form of cell surface receptor for cholestrol
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What is the frequency among human births to have Tay Sachs Disease?
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1:3,500 (Ashkenazi Jews)
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