Herbivores (Mammal Exam)

Front 1

List the 2 herbivorous orders of mammals.

Back 1

1. Perissodactyla

2. Atriodactyla

Front 2

Give 2 differences in Perrisodactlya and Artiodactyla

Back 2

1. Perrisodactyla are odd-toed ungulates with hind gut fermentation; Artiodactlya are even-toed ungulates with foregut fermentation.

2. Perrisodactyla are monophyletic; Artiodactyla are polyphyletic

Front 3

Name one factor in the adaptive radiation of Artiodactyla

Back 3

Selective feeding habits

Front 4

Describe the distribution of Artiodactyla

Back 4

Almost worldwide

Front 5

Which order are considered the even-toed ungulates?

Back 5

Artiodactyla

Front 6

List 4 examples of Artiodactyla

Back 6

1. Hippopotamus

2. Swine

3. Elk

4. Camel

Front 7

What does Perissodactyl mean?

Back 7

Odd-toed

Front 8

Describe the digestion of Perissodactyla

Back 8

Hindgut fermentation

Front 9

Is Perissodactyla monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

Back 9

Monophyletic

Front 10

Are Artiodactlya monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

Back 10

Polyphyletic

Front 11

Name 2 adaptations in Equidae which help them to be fast runners

Back 11

1. Long legs

2. Synchronized breaths with strides

Front 12

In what family are horses, zebras, and asses?

Back 12

Equidae

Front 13

Describe the distribution of Equidae

Back 13

Every continent except Australia

Front 14

Name the 3 families in Perrisodactyla

Back 14

1. Equidae

2. Tapiridae

3. Rhinocerotidae

Front 15

Describe the distribution of Tapiridae

Back 15

Old and New World

Old world: South and Central America

New world: Southeast Asia

Front 16

Describe the form and function of Tapiridae body parts

Back 16

FORM: reduced rostrum, flexible proboscis, brachydont cheek teeth

FUNCTION: herbivory - browsing

Front 17

Describe the limb structure of Rhinocerotidae

Back 17

Graviportal: heavy bone structure with under-body limb orientation

Front 18

Describe the distribution of Rhinocerotidae

Back 18

Ethiopian (Africa) and Oriental Regions (India and Borneo)

Front 19

Describe the cheek teeth of all 3 families in Perrisodactyla

Back 19

1. Equids = hypsodont

2. Rhinos = lophodont

3. Tapirs = brachyodont

Front 20

Which digit is the load bearing one in Perrisodactyla?

Back 20

Middle digit

(In Equidae this is also the one adapted to being a hoof)

Front 21

Describe the form and function of Equid teeth

Back 21

Molariform teeth modified (brachydont) to have complex occlusial surface for eating vegetation

Front 22

Describe the breeding sociality of Equids

Back 22

Polygynous: multiple females per male

Front 23

What social system are Equids described as having?

Back 23

Fission-fusion

Front 24

Name the 9 families in Artiodactyla

Back 24

1. Suiidae

2. Tayassuidae

3. Hippopotamidae

4. Camelidae

5. Tragulidae

6. Cervidae

7. Giraffidae

8. Antilocapridae

9. Bovidae

Front 25

Name the 5 ruminant Artidactyls

Back 25

1. Tragulidae

2. Cervidae

3. Giraffidae

4. Antilocapridae

5. Bovidae

Front 26

Name the 4 non-ruminant Artiodactyls

Back 26

1. Suiidae

2. Tayassuidae

3. Hippopptamidae

4. Camelidae

Front 27

In what family are pigs?

Back 27

Suiidae

Front 28

Describe the distribution of Suiidae

Back 28

Europe, Asia, North Africa historically

Front 29

In what family are the peccaries?

Back 29

Tayasuidae

Front 30

1. What are the most primitive Artiodactyls?

2. What makes them more ancestral?

Back 30

1. Pig-like families

2. Four toes, omnivorous, tusks, 2 long bones supporting toes still separate

Front 31

List 2 defining features of Artiodactyls

Back 31

1. Cannon bone (in SOME families)

2. Springing ligaments in limbs

Front 32

What is the cannon bone?

Back 32

Fused 3rd and 4th metapodials

Front 33

Which Artiodactyl shows early radiation to rumination? What is the adaptation?

Back 33

1. Tayassuidae

2. More complex stomach than Suiidae

Front 34

What is the closest mammalian relative to Ceteceans?

Back 34

Hippopotamidae

Front 35

Describe the form and function of Hippopotamidae cranium

Back 35

Form: enormous gape

Function: taking in masses of pulpy aquatic plants

Front 36

Describe some adaptations that make Hippopotamidae primarily aquatic

Back 36

1. Eyes, ears, and nose situated high on skull

Front 37

Differentiate between one and 2-humped camels

Back 37

1. Dromedary (one-hump)

2. Bactrian (2-hump)

Front 38

Name the 2 wild llamas

Back 38

1. Vicuna (Peru)

2. Guanaco (Patagonia)

Front 39

What is the original distribution of Camelidae?

Back 39

NORTH AMERICA 🤯

Front 40

Describe the dietary habits of Cervidae

Back 40

Browsing

Front 41

Name a unique feature in Cervidae

Back 41

Antlers

Front 42

Describe the distribution of Giraffidae

Back 42

Old World - Africa (Ethiopian)

Front 43

True or false: giraffe's long necks are due to the adaptation of having extra bones

Back 43

FALSE

7 vertebrae as in every other mammal; they are just elongated

Front 44

Describe the distribution of Antilocapridae

Back 44

North America

Front 45

Is Antiliocapridae more ancestral or more derived?

Back 45

More derived

Front 46

Name 4 evolutionary advantages making Antilicapridae more derived.

Back 46

1. Airways enlarged

2. Lung surface area greater

3. Capillary density greater

4. Hemoglobin concentration greater

Front 47

What is the most diverse family of ruminant Artiodactyls?

Back 47

Bovidae

Front 48

Describe the teeth of Bovidae and their function

Back 48

Hypsodont: specializing on grass

Front 49

Name a feature differentiating Bovidae from Cervidae

Back 49

Bovids have true horns (vs. antlers)

Front 50

In what family are antelopes?

Back 50

Bovidae

(NOT Antilicapridae - that's pronghorns!)

Front 51

Where is the historical distribution of Bovidae?

Back 51

Old World (mostly still true today)

Front 52

Name 4 Bovid species that have invaded North America

Back 52

1. Bison

2. Mountain sheep (BIGhorn not PRONGhorn)

3. Mountain goat

4. Muskox

Front 53

Why are there only 4 Bovine representatives in North America?

Back 53

The family Bovidae evolved late in the Age of Mammals.

Most only tolerated tropics and the 4 extant NA species were cold tolerant and came from Asia via Alaska

Front 54

What are camel humps for?

Back 54

FOOD storage (not water)

Front 55

What kind of teeth do Tapiridae have?

Back 55

Brachydont cheek teeth

Front 56

What kind of teeth do Equidae have?

Back 56

Hypsodont