Herb Drug Interactions Pg 1-22

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Absorption

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factors that influence absorption include: PH in stomach and SI, solubility of drugs, gastrointestinal motility, interactions with drugs, concentration, and the surface area of the absorbing organ and with which the agent is in contact.

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Acidity

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Acidity or PH, plays a large role in absorption for some agents. Some drugs need a very acidic environment in order to be absorbed

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Gastrointestinal Motility

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intestinal peristalsis, increase means faster transit time in intestines, less contact with the wall and therefore less absorption.

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rule of pharmacology

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passive transpport of a drug requires a neutral charge

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Binding

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Some drugs bind to substances and prevent absorption for a longer period of time, ie, activated charcoal, bile acid

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absorption

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is the rate and extent that the drug leaves the site of administration.

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bioavailability

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what fraction of the dose of a drug reaches its site of action or a body fluid where the drug has access to its site of action

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plasma

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fluid component of blood

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hepatic

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pertaining to liver

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AUC (area under curve)

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is a measurement of total drug exposure over time.

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portal system

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a vascular bed that runs from teh capillary bed surrounding the mall intestine and includes the hepatic capillary beds

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hydrophillic

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chemicals that prefer to be in aqueous solution rather than fat or oil based solution

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hydrophobic

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chemicals that prefer to be in a fat or oil based solution rather than aqueous solution

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PH

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a measurement of a solutions's acid or basic nature

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Excipients

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additives to a drug formulation that affect the bulk, delivery, or availability of a drug. They are biologically inert

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Lipophilic

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just like hydrophobic, these are chemicals that prefer to be in a fat or oil based solution rather than aqueous solution

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adenosine triphosphate

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the main energy storage chemical in the body

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emesis

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vomiting

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sublingual

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below thetongue, refers to a method of administration where a drug is held under the tongue until dissolved

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Interstitium

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the space between cells that is filled with fluid

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endogenous

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originating from within the body

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substrate

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specific chemical that is acted upon by an enzyme

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lumen

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the opening or channel within the organ or other structure of the body, for example the lumen of the intestines

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Phase I metabolism

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reactions convert lipophillic drugs into more polar molecules. this may increase, decrease, or not change the drug's activity. This may be enough for a drug to be eliminated by the kidney

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Phase II metabolism

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involves the conjugation of the drug. Conjugation involves adding a molecule to a drug. This makes the drug much more polar and hydrophilic allowing for elimination by the kidneys. Most often these drugs are interactive.

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elimination

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removal of a drug from the body

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kinetics

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are about the rates or speeds of reactions.

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steady state

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a steady state of a drug is reached when the dosing of a drug and the elimination fot he drug interact to maintain a relatively stable amount of a drug in the body

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bolus

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a dose

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drug receptor interactions

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most drugs act by interactin with receptors, which are protein complexes on the cell suface or within the cell that causes changes to the cell or its function

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receptor families

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there are many types of receptors that drugs can interact with.

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Ligand(a drug or endogenous signal molecule)- Gated Ion Channels

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ion channels regulate the flow of chemical ions into and out of teh cell. Common ion channels control sodium, Potassium, calcium,. there are voltage gated ion channels and ligand-gated ion channels. The ligand gated ion channesl allow the flow of ions in response to binding with a ligand, they can activate or inhibit the flow of ions depending on whether they are agonists or antagonists. voltage gated ion channels allow the flow of ions to commence when the surroundign plasma membrane reaches a certain voltage difference across its membrane.

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G protein-coupled receptors

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are comprised of a receptor that spans the plasma membrane of the cell and is attached intracellularly to a G -protein comprised of three sub-units alpha, beta, and gamma.

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enzyme linked receptors

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this is a transmembrane receptor thathas a receiving end outside the cell which binds a ligand

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pharmacodynamics

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refers to the study of how ingested agenst behave in the human body.

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pharmacodynamic interaction

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refers to the fluctuation in bioavailability of ingested agents as a result of synergisitic or antagonistic interaction between agents.

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A synergistic effect

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occurs when two agents having similar properties show additive of exponential increase in clinical effects when given together

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an antagonistic effect

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occur when two agents with similar properties show lessened or no clinical effect when given together,

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Narrow range therapeutic index

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sympathomimetic: many substances
Anticoagulent: coumadin/warfarin, coumadin/heparin
Antiplatelet: Triclopidine/ Ticid, Clopidogrel/plavix, dipyrdamole/persantine
Diuretic: thiazide diuretics
anticonvulstant: many
antipsychotic- haldol
antidiabetic- many