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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percentage of students had burnout mid-final year
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28%
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What percentage of interns had burnout 8 months in?
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75%
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What is the criteria for burnout?
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Emotional exhaustion
Depersonalisation Lack of personal accomplishment |
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What does stress management in medical education help with?
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Reduced anxiety, distress and depression
Increased sensitivity to self and others Reduced perceptions of isolation ^use of positive coping skills ^ immune function ^knowledge of stress |
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What is Primary Prevention?
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Targeted at healthy individuals, aiming to stop disease progress before it has established
-Management of risk factors -Lifestyle modifications |
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Why might primary prevention be difficult to initiate?
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Because there is nothing wrong with a person and they feel it is unecessary to make a change when nothing is wrong
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What is primordial prevention?
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Inhibition of the emergence of a risk factor
-vaccines |
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What is secondary prevention?
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Aimed at slowing the process of a disease in order to avoid complications when its progression is well underway, but symptoms are yet to manifest.
-Lifestyle modification -Treatment of early stages |
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What is tertiary prevention?
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When a chronic disease is established and complications have emerged, prevention methods include rehab and avoidance of more complication
-Invasive and $$ |
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What does essence stand for?
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Education
Stress Management Spirituality Exercise Nutrition Connectedness Environment |
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What is the Ornish program?
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A program where patients followed a program consisting of this stuff as well as normal treatment
-group support -stress management programs -Low-fat, vegetarian diet (max 10% fat) -Moderate exercise -No Smoking |
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What was the major factor of the ornish program which was central to improving health?
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Stress management
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how was the ornish program advantageous?
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Less death, Less symptoms, greater fitness, more autonomy, better relationships
Better life quality |
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What are enabling strategies?
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Those which enable people to act on health advice and knowledge
-Goal setting, improving motivation |
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What is motivational interviewing?
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Motivational interviewing is a directive,
client-centered counseling style for eliciting behaviour change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence.” |
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What style of counselling is motivational interviewing?
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Quiet and eliciting with a relationship more like a partner/companion one.
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How does readiness to change come about? How consistent is it?
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It is fluctuating and is a product of interpersonal interactions
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What does BASK stand for
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Behaviour
Attributes Skills Knowledge |
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What is the BASK model used for?
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Educational intervention and targets for behavioural change
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Why is giving factual information potentially useless in eliciting change?
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Because if the motivation isn't there and attitude is the main problem, facts aren't going to change the mind
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What is the SMART goals framework?
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A framework which helps to successfully set a goal
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When might a goal in the SMART framework not be achieved?
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When one or more steps are missed out
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What does SMART stand for?
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Specific
Measurable Attractive Realistic Timely |
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What are the 6 stages of the prochaska-diclemente cycle of behavioural change?
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1)Relapse
2)pre-contemplation 3)contemplation 4)preparation 5)Action 6) Maintainance |
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Describe the 6 stages of the Prochaska-Diclemente cycle
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1)RELAPSE-Don't view as failure but as an experience
2)PRE-CONTEMPLATION- before thoughts of change 3) CONTEMPLATION-start to think about behavioural change 4)PREPARATION- Preparing for change 5)ACTION-implementing change 6)MAINTENANCE- change becomes long-term and relatively effortless |
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Why is it important to note which stage of the PDcycle a patient is in?
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Inappropriate discussions meant for another phase can be off putting
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Why is stress in modern life increasing and which gender shows the greatest increase?
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Because of busy lives and less resilience
Males |
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Why can chronic stress create mood problems
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Because it reduces the levels of seratonin.
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What will be the largest burden of disease in the next decade or so?
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Mental Health
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What are the health effects of chronic stress?
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Symptoms-pain etc
Behaviour-bad lifestyle Resistance-immunity Disease-genetic expression |
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When is the fight/flight response good and when is it bad?
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Good- appropriately regulated and ellicited, not prolonged
Bad- prolonged and inappropriately activated |
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How do men and women differ in their response to stress?
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Men-fight/flight
Women- tend/befriend |
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What is allostatic load?
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The wear and tear on the body due to prolonged exposure to stress
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What are some issues associated with allostatic load?
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DNA degradation
neyrodegredation metabolic syndrome |
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What is the theory behind the Psychoneuroimmunology?
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That the mind and nervous system communicates with the immune system, effecting how efficient it is
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What types of stress will activate and supress immunity?
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Chronic Stress- Supress
Acute stress- activates |
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How does stress and the perception of stress contribute to immune response
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The way which a stressful event is perceived directly effects how prolonged the effects are
Increased rates of relapse of chronic conditions are related to increased stress |
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How does Stress affect DNA?
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^ DNA mutations
Decreased DNA repair rates Alters genetic expression ^ Genetic ageing ^ rate of telomere shortening and therefore ^ genetic age |
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What is psychology?
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The study of the mind, brain and behaviour
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What is Health Psychology?
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The relationship between psychological factors and health/illness
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What is the biopsychosocial model
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a conceptual model that assumes that psychological and social factors must also be included along with the biologic in understanding a person's medical illness or disorder.
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What is the WHO definition of health?
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Health is a state of complete medical, physical and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease.
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What are some factors which can influence how someone perceives their health?
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Age,
Presence/absence of illness Energy Behaviour Psychosocial wellbeings Functionability |
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Why is important in the medical profession
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-Contributes to an understanding of how behaviour,emotion and cognition influence health
-Understand the development of people throughout life -Understand emotional disorders |
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What is behaviour?
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The manner in which something acts or reacts to a situation
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Why is an understanding of behaviour relative to health?
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We understand how it impacts on our health and on illnesses related to behaviour
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What are common factors of the 5 leading causes of Australian deaths?
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Behavioural risk factors
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What is learning?
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A relatively permanent change in behaviour which us a result of prior experience
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What are the 4 elements of classical conditioning?
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Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response |
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What are the unconditioned stimuli and responses in classical conditioning
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-Stimulus which innately produces a response
-Response produced by the UCS |
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What are the conditioned stimuli and responses in classical conditioning?
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-Stimulus produces the conditioned response after repeated coupling with the unconditioned stimulus
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What is operant conditioning?
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When the consequences immediately following a behaviour will determining whether or not it is repeated
STIMULUS>>>RESPONSE>>>CONSEQUENCE |
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What is reinforcement in terms of operant conditioning?
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A consequence that increases chances of a behaviour being repeated
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What is punishment in terms of operant conditioning?
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A consequence that decreases the chances of behaviour being repeated
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Describe the influences of +ve/-ve punishment/reinforcement in operant conditioning
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What effects the strength of reinforcement/punishment of a behaviour after it has been elicited?
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-How soon after the behaviour it occurred
-The size and strength of the reaction |
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What are the differences between Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning?
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Types of behaviour- CC response elicited and OC response emitted
Associations-CC associates with stimulus, OC associates with consequence Order of event. CC- learning association comes before response. OC comes after |
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What are superstitious behaviours and when do they occur
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Behaviours unrelated to a response which are used to repeat/avoid outcomes. Occurs when an event occurs in close proximity to an independant behaviour
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Describe elements of the Social Cognitive Theory
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We think about experiences and try to understand them
Not all learning occurs via conditioning and can be initiated by observed behaviours |
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Which behaviours are most likely to be imitated?
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Those of a competent model
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What is illness behaviour?
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The process of a person going from well to sick
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What are the 4 elements of the 'sick role'
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-Excused from responsibilities
-Not held responsible -Wants to get better -Co-operates with advice |
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Other than biological influences, why are there variations in the health of those with the same illnesses?
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The different ways people cope with illness influence how healthy they are
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What is cognition?
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All of the mental process we use.
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What is a rational choice?
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One that is based on the perceived probability of the occurrence of options
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What is the formula of behaviour relating to expectancy-value theories?
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Behaviour= Value x Expectancy
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In regards to the expectancy/value model, when is behavioural change most likely?
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When the combination of expectancy and value numbers are high
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What are heuristics? Give an example
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Problem solving strategies that are based on general rules that usually work
-symmetry rule: symptom= illness, no symptoms =no illness -Reasoning by analysis: Decisions based on what worked in the past |
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What are some heuristics used in a clinical setting?
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Representativeness- Decisions based on the assumption that an event is representative of an entire category of events.
Availability- Decisions based on the availability of information |
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Why are heuristics not always effective
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N'ASSUMEZ RIEN
There is always something else to a person outside of a model |
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What is an algorithm?
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A mechanical routine/formula/rules that can be used to solve all problems of a specific type
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What is an example of an algorithm in medicine?
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Differential diagnosis: Identify disease possbilities
Biomedical theories: Cause =symptom |
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What is a major influence on health behaviour?
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Thoughts on health.
Those people who's behaviours change have a different set of thoughts than those who do not |
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What is the common sense model?
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A model which is used in identifying the content of health threat representations and for understanding how thoughts and associated emotions motivate protective behaviour
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What are 5 attributes of health threat representations?
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IDENTITY: lable, symptoms
CAUSE TIMELINE: onset, duration CONSEQUENCES: Outcomes CONTROL/CURE: Meds, preventions |
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Why do health threat representations influence how people cope with illness?
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They elicit emotion
Can be concrete or abstract elements making things confusing |
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How is imagery advantageous in influencing health behaviour?
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-It's processed faster
-Its remembered better -Has a greater affect -Shows a more concrete future (cause/effect) |
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What are expectations?
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A set of cognitions about what is likely to happen given a particular situation
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What is the balance theory?
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Suggestions that balance is when all of our cognitions are in accordance with the other
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Why is balance important in expectations?
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Moderate and realistic expectations, that have more balanced sets of cognitions show better outcomes
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What is a placebo?
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The non-specific effects produced by a treatment
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What is a placebo effect?
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When people respond to inert treatments. Often elicited by expectations
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What is the wonder drug effect?
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The tendency for treatments to work best while they're new to the market
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What are the psychologicaland pysiological explanations of placebo effects during treatment
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PSYCHOLOGICAL.
Conditioning- prior good experience Perceptions Validation- HCW gives warranted treatment PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced stress Endorphin release- pain reduced psychoneuroimmunology- changed perception influences immunity |
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How can health professionals act as a placebo?
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-Validate the sense that something is wrong
-Mobilise patient resources Both reduce stress and give clear thinking |
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What are some criticisms of the prochaska-diclemente model of change
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There are fuzzy borders between stages of change
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In reference to the P-D model of change, when is there a higher level of change following treatment?
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When the stage of change is further into the cycle
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