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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Order of the Garter |
England's highest order of chivalry, HVII created 37. Very prestigious. Gave away no lands (thus not increasing power of nobility) |
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Patronage |
Privilege/power/finance granted to nobility in return for being loyal to the crown (as appose to receiving it as an incentive to be loyal). Rarely given out, not only given to nobility (eg: Edmund Dudley) |
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Kings Council / Great Council |
Kings Council was a sign of trust (5 members were at BoB). Great Council ensured noble support on royal matters. Kept potential threats close by. They couldn't criticise policy which the council had agreed on. |
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Acts of Attainder |
Nobility lost the right to possess land. (Social & economic ruin). Promoted good behaviour for reversal. Encouraging loyalty. 1485-86: 28 passed 1504-09: 51 passed Suggests as reign continued, perceived threat level increased. |
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Bonds and Recognisances |
Written agreements where nobles paid the king in the situation that they offended him or as security for future good behaviour. Eg: Marquess of Dorset received £10,000 fine. 1485-1509: 58% of noble families were involved in an agreement. |
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Retainers |
An oath whereby an individual could not recuit men illegally. 1485: sworn to not illegally retain 1504: issued a proclamation, needed a license to retain £5 per month of for each illegal retainer Eg: Lord Burgavenny fined £70,000 in 1506. |
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Henry's fuedal rights |
Marriage: received income off marriages off heirs. Wardship: estates of minors were placed under royal control (until of age). state was exploited to maximise income to crown. Relief: payment to crown when land was inherited Livery: payment to recover land from wardship |
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Name an act which reclaimed former crown lands |
1486: Acts of Resumption - recovered lands granted away since before War of the Roses. 🌹 ~ crown had 5 times more land by end of HVII reign Vs reign of HVI |
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How many times did parliament meet? |
7 times - all of them granting Henry with revenue/taxes for war or to use against Yorkist threat. Passed 120 statutes (most being Acts of Attainder) |
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How did Henry strengthen Central Government? |
Relied on a small number of lords on the King's Council to improve efficiency. Created smaller committees (court of requests, court of general surveyors, council learned in law) that had an active role. HVII didn't rely on particular families, drew chief advisors from lesser landowners etc (eg Edmund Dudley) |
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Name some of the inner group of the Kings Council |
Lord Chancellor; Morton Lord Privy Seal; Fox Lord Treasurer; Dynham Dynham |
CM,PSF, TD |
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What is the council learned in law? |
Est: 1495 Contained mostly lawyers - Empson (chancellor of duchy of Lancaster, president of the council in 1504) and Dudley Dealt with enforcement of bonds and recognisances, feudal rights etc. |
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What is the court of requests |
Part of royal council Dealt with individual requests from ordinary people |
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Court of general surveyors |
Checked revenue coming in from crown lands and lands which king had feudal rights over |
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What was the use of regional councils |
To ensure authority of central government was upheld in outlying regions of the country |
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Who ran the northern council? What was its purpose |
Deputy of the north was Earl of Northumberland (murdered in 1489 trying to collect tax for Cornish rebellion) Then earl of Surrey 1489 - 1501 Responsible for defending northern border Administrative and judicial power so laws could be enforced quickly Members were personally appointed by HVII |
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Who ran the Irish council, what was it's significance? |
A Yorkist stronghold, English influence was limited to an area around Dublin (the pale). Major Irish families held most of the power (the kildares). 1494: Poynings' Law meant Irish parliament could only be called and pass laws with approval from King. Edward Poyning failed to bring Ulster under greater control. Thus restoring Earl of Kildare as Lord Deputy. |
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Who ran the Welsh council? |
Led by Arthur from 1493. Managed to increase control through Welsh connections and reducing power of marcher lords |
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What were the Justices of the Peace? |
A collection of between 30 and 60 local landowners who were appointed to each county. Implemented social and economic statuses Trying criminal offences Upholding public order Etc |
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How did Henry try and achieve strong royal finances? |
Reorganise financial administration Exploit sources of ordinary revenue Increase income from extraordinary revenue |
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Name 3 types of ordinary revenue |
Crown lands Custom duties Feudal rights Justice Bonds and recognisances |
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What was the impact of the creation of the Council Learned in Law? |
1493: £3,000 from Bonds and recs 1495: Council learned in Law is formed 1505: £35,000 from bonds and R |
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How did Henry change his financial administration? |
Initially reverted back to the Exchequer to administer finance. Was slow in collecting money & auditing accounts. 1487 realised how better the chamber system was (implemented by Edward IV). Chamber thus handled: crown lands. Feudal dues, profits from justice, the French pension. |
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How did HVII exploit crown lands? (Ordinary revenue) |
1486 : acts of Resumption and claiming land through Attainders meant HVII crown land was 5x bigger than HVI. 1509 : income from crown lands was £42,000 (£29,000 at death of Richard) Used Duchy of Lancaster to increase income from crown lands 10 fold. |
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How did Henry exploit custom duties? |
Under Edward IV customer duties was £70,000 £40,000 under Henry. (Still 1/3rd ordinary revenue) Income through trade heavily relied on international relations , Henry was unable to control. |
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How did Henry profit from justice? |
Often fined people instead of imprisonment. (£10,000 fine to earl of Northumberland for raping a royal ward) |
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How did Henry profit from feudal dues? |
Enforced income from marriages etc 1487: £350 per annum 1507: £6000 per annum |
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What are examples of extraordinary revenue? |
Parliament funding Loans and benevolences Clerical taxes Feudal obligations Foreign pensions |
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When did Henry ask parliament for funding? |
Some examples include.. Yorkshire/Cornish rebellions Defeating Simnel Resisting Scottish invasion |
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How much did Henry generate through loans and benevolences? |
£203,000 through loans BUT ultimately had to pay his wealthy nobility back. Raised £48,500 through benevolences (loans that didn't have to be paid back) Not good for regular income |
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How did Henry generate money through the church? |
Church contributed £25,000 towards expedition in France in 1489. Generated over £6000 per annum by leaving bishoprics vacant in order to claim revenue. |
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How much was the crown generating in income a year by the end of HVII's reign? |
£113,000 (Although French income was £800,000) |
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