Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does the hemoglobin molecule consist of?
|
2 alpha chains (pink)
2 beta chains (yellow) Aka: non-alpha chains 4 heme molecules |
|
|
What is the heme molecule?
|
What makes blood red!
A ring structure called protoporphyrin IX Has an atom of divalent/ferrous iron (Fe+2) attached One heme group per chain Each heme combines reversibly with one molecule of oxygen |
|
|
Which chromosome are the alpha genes located on?
|
chromosome 16
|
|
|
What globulin chains genes are transcribed from chromosome 11?
|
beta, delta, gamma
|
|
|
how many copes of alpha genes does each chromatid have?
|
4 copies
|
|
|
What is hemoglobin A?
|
2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
The main form of hemoglobin after birth |
|
|
What is hemoglobin A2?
|
2 alpha chains and 2 delta chains
Delta chains are not expressed efficiently Normally only a small amount of Hb A2 after birth |
|
|
What is hemoglobin F?
|
2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains
In adults, this is only in a few RBCs, called F cells |
|
|
What is Hgb A1c?
|
Hgb A,can also undergo post-translational modification
Reactions can occur with various sugars and the amino groups of the globin chains Results in glycated hemoglobin Most common is Hb A1c, where glucose is added to the beta chain Monitor this to monitor diabetic patients |
|
|
What is the function of hemoglobin?
|
Bind oxygen in the lungs
Transport it to tissues Unload oxygen in the tissues |
|
|
What does hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen depend on?
|
partial pressure of oxygen
|
|
|
What is P50?
|
: the amount of oxygen needed to saturate 50% of the hemoglobin
|
|
|
What is the Bohr effect?
|
a shift of the curve as a result of pH
|
|
|
What is the effect of low ph on the curve?
|
Low pH (acidic environment) shifts curve to right
|
|
|
What is the effect of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate on red blood cells?
|
Shifts to the right
With high 2,3-BPG, Hb molecule goes from relaxed and oxygenated to tense and deoxygenated Need a higher pO2 to saturate the same amount of Hb |
|
|
What is the effect of fever on the curve?
|
shift to the right
|
|
|
What is the effect of acidosis on the curve?
|
shift to the right
|
|
|
What is the effect on altitude on the curve?
|
shift to the right
|
|
|
What are the properites of Hemoglobin F?
|
Has increased oxygen affinity compared to Hb A
Hb F p50: ~20 mm Hg Hb A p50: 27 mm Hg How fetus extracts oxygen from maternal circulation Hb F doesn’t release oxygen as easily as Hb A; so fetus needs more Hb to adquately oxygenate tissues This is why newborns have higher Hb values than when they’re older (and have Hb A) |
|
|
how does the RBC generate energy for the metabolic pathways that it needs for survival?
|
Embden Meyerhoff pathway
|
|
|
What are the products of the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway?
|
Generates lactic acid
Generates 4 molecules of ATP/glucose molecule--(net amount of 2) Generates 2,3-BPG Reduces methemoglobin to hemoglobin Fe3+ to Fe2+ Oxidized iron to reduced iron |
|
|
What are the indications of a problem in the hexose monophosphate shunt?
|
lack of G6PD
|
|
|
What are the indications of a lack of G6PD?
|
Results in oxidative damage
hemolytic anemia Without G6PD, no NADPH is formed Without NADPH, glutathione metabolism doesn’t occur – H2O2 doesn’t get converted to water **Most common enzyme deficiency in the world** |
