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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hemmorhage:
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escape of blood from the vessels
-surrounding tissues -body cavity -outside of the body |
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Hematoma:
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localized hemorrhage in a tissue
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Petechiae
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s a small red or purple spot on the body, caused by a minor hemorrhage
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Purpura
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the appearance of red or purple discolorations on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. They are caused by bleeding underneath the skin.
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Ecchymosis
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-An ecchymosis is a spot caused by loss of blood from a vessel.
-It implies a larger size than a petechiae.[1] -It has a more diffuse border than purpura.[2] -It can be caused by a bruise (which implies trauma), but can also be caused by bleeding diathesis. |
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Infarction
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Necrosis due to ischemia or poor blood supply
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. anemic/ white/ pale infarcts
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- arterial occlusion
- heart, spleen and kidney |
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. hemorrhagic / red infarct
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-intestines and lungs
-areas with redundant blood supply -arterial or venous occlusion |
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thrombosis
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-Blood coagulates inside the blood vessels
-Interruption of blood flow -Predisposing factors: smoking OCP immobilization sickle cell disease polycythemia cancer congestive heart failure |
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Thrombogenesis
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-Formation of a thrombus
-Depends on: 1. platelets 2. endothelial cells 3. coagulation cascade |
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Platelet plug
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-Injury to the blood vessel exposes collagen in the vessel wall
-Von Willebrand factor allows the platelets to adhere -Conformational change in the platelets -Activation of the coagulation cascade -Also, formation of TxA2: constricts blood vessels, platelets aggregate |
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Platelet plug
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-Fibrinogen links strengthen the plug
-Fibrin formation occurs -Prostacyclin is secreted by endothelial cells; limit the plug |
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Endothelial cells
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-Normally are resistant to the formation of a platelet plug
-Synthesis of thrombomodulin: inhibit coagulation |
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Thrombotic disorders
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-Hereditary thrombophilia
-Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome -Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy |
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Hereditary thrombophilia
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-Adolescents, young women
-Recurrent venous thrombosis -Thromboembolism -Deficiency: antithrombin III protein S protein C -Most frequent cause: Factor V Leiden |
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
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-Consumption of platelets and coagulation factors
-Widespread thrombosis and hemorrhage |
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Arterial thrombi
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-areas with active blood flow
-lines of Zahn |
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Venous thrombi
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-Areas with less blood flow
-Veins of lower extremities -Venous stasis -Dark red; no lines of Zahn -Thrombophlebitis: inflammation of the veins + thrombus |
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Embolism
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-Passage and trapping in the blood vessels of mass objects
-Breaking up of a thrombi: embolism -Types: a. pulmonary b. arterial c. paradoxical |
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Pulmonary embolism
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-Sudden death
-Immobilized patients, heart disease (CHF) -Saddle emboli: bifurcation of the pulmonary artery -Leads to pulmonary infarcts |
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Arterial emboli
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-Originates from a mural thrombus
-Left atrium: mitral stenosis -Left ventricle: Myocardial infarction |
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Sites of arrest: arterial emboli
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-Middle cerebral artery: most common
-Mesenteric arteries -Renal arteries |
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Paradoxical emboli
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-Emboli comes from venous side
-Passes though right-to –left shunt atrial septal defect patent foramen ovale -Reaches arterial circulation |
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Fat emboli:
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-bone marrow particles; fractures
-go to brain, lungs, kidney -fat embolism syndrome: difficulty breathing petechiae neurologic manifestations |
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Air emboli:
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-air goes into the blood vessels
-trauma to the chest; abortion -decompression sickness: “the bends” or muscle pains -caissons disease: infarcts in the CNS, bones, tissues -due to nitrogen bubbles in the blood |
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Amniotic fluid embolism:
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amniotic fluid in the blood
-can lead to DIC, death |
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EDEMA
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-Abnormal fluid in the interstitial tissues spaces or body cavities
-Caused by: -increased hydrostatic pressure -increased capilary permeability -decreased oncotic pressure -increased sodium retention -blocked lymphatics |
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peripheral edema
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right sided heart failure:
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pulmonary edema
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left sided heart failure:
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Anasarca
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-generalized form
-widespread swelling of the skin due to effusion of fluid into the extracellular space. |
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Hydrothorax
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serous fluid accumulating in the pleural cavity.
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Hydropericardium
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The noninflammatory accumulation of watery fluid in the pericardial cavity.
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Hydroperitoneum (ascites)
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an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
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Transudate
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-non inflammatory
-abnormal hyrdostatic or osmotic pressure -low protein -sp.gr. < 1.012 -high glucose |
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Exudate
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-inflammation
-increased vascular permeability -high protein content -sp.gr. >1.020 -many WBC -low glucose |
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SHOCK
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-Circulatory collapse
-Hypoperfusion -Decreased oxygenation of tissues |
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shock Caused by:
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-decreased cardiac output
-widespread peripheral vasodilatation |
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Organ most affected by shock
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: kidney
-acute tubular necrosis |
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Hypovolemic shock
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-loss in blood volume
-massive hemorrhage -burns -vomiting, diarrhea |
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Cardiogenic shock
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-massive MI
-pump failure of the left ventricle |
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Septic shock
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-bacterial infections; endotexemia
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Neurogenic shock
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-severe trauma
-peripheral vasodilatation |
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nonprogressive (early stage) of shock
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-compensatory mechanisms
-increased heart rate; increased peripheral resistance |
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progressive stage of shock
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x-compensatory mechanisms not adequate
-tissue hypoperfusion -circulatory and metabolic imbalance |
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Irreversible stage of shock
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-organ damage
-metabolic imbalance -death |
