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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The four phases of malignant tumors
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1) Malignant change in the target cell: TRANSFORMATION
2) Growth of the transformed cells 3) Local invasion 4) Distant metastases |
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Differentiation
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The extent to which neoplastic cells resemble comparable cells (morphologically and functionally)
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Anaplasia
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A lack of differentiation.
Hallmark of malignant transformation |
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-OMA
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Usually benign
EXCEPTIONS: MelanOMA (should be melanocarcinoma) |
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CARCINOMA
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Malignancy of endoderm/ectoderm
Epithelial |
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SARCOMA
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Malignancy of mesoderm
CT |
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Mixed tumor
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Tumor comprised of more than one germ layer
Most common: Mixed tumor of salivary gland (Pleomorphic ademona of the parotid) |
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Teratoma
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Tumor comprised of all three germ layers
(Usually in gonads due to presence of totipotent cells: CYSTIC TERATOMA) |
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Hamartoma
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Mass of disorganized but mature cells, benign. May not even count as a neoplasm.
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Morphologic changes seen due to ANAPLASIA
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1) PLEOMORPHISM: Variation in size and shape
2) ABNORMAL NUCLEUS: Hyperchromaticity, size 3) MITOSES: Atypical spindles 4) LOSS OF POLARITY: Grow in disorganized fashion 5) OTHER: -----Tumor Giant Cells |
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Dysplasia
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Disordered growth usually in the epithelia. DOES NOT necessarily progress to cancer.
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Number of population doublings needed to clinically detect a tumor
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30 doublings. About 90 hypothetical daysBy the time a solid tumor is clinically deteccted it has completes a major portion of its life cycle
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Capsule
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Normally found around benign tumors
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Benign neoplasm that can metastasize
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Invasive mole
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Malignant neoplasms that do not metastasize (just invasive)
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Gliomas
Basal cell carcinoma of the skin |
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Cancer dissemination pathways
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Seeding
Lymphatics (Carcinomas mostly) Hematogenous (Sarcomas mostly) --------Liver/Lung |
