Heme/onc Test 1

Front 1

neoplasm

Back 1

an abnormal mass of tissue; can be benign or malignant

Front 2

benign

Back 2

unregulated growth WITHOUT tissue invasion

abnormal cell but no invasion into tissues

Front 3

malignant

Back 3

unregulated growth WITH tissue invasion +/- metastases

Front 4

metastasis

Back 4

distant spread of neoplasm

ex. lung cancer metastasized to brain

Front 5

What is the most common cancer in men?

Back 5

prostate

2: lung
3: colon

Front 6

What is the most common cancer in women?

Back 6

breast

2: lung
3: colon

Front 7

cancer

Back 7

uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body

Front 8

What type of cancer is the #1 killer of men?

Back 8

lung

2: prostate
3: colon

Front 9

What type of cancer is the #1 killer of women?

Back 9

lung

2: breast
3: colon

Front 10

What are the main causes of cancer?

Back 10

#1: idiopathic (unknown)

carcinogens; ionizing radiation; UV light; bacterial/viral; genetic (breast cancer: BRCA1/2); meds

Front 11

What types of meds can cause cancer?

Back 11

hormonal agents (estrogens)
chemo agents (2nd cancers)
immunomodulators (azathioprine)

Front 12

carcinoma

Back 12

cancer of epithelial tissue (most of organs such as breast, colon, lung); organs & tissues epithelium that line: lung, colon, liver, prostate, kidney, breast, ovulation, skin

Front 13

melanoma

Back 13

cancer of the melanocytes (pigment cells in the skin)

Front 14

sarcoma

Back 14

cancer of mesenchymal tissue (bone, muscle, & fat)

more rare

Front 15

leukemia

Back 15

cancer of hematopoietic stem cells (cells in bone marrow & blood)

liquid tumor

Front 16

lymphoma

Back 16

cancer of lymphoid cells (B cells, T cells, & lymph cells)

liquid cancer

Front 17

What are the signs & symptoms of cancer?

Back 17

asymptomatic
non-specific
unexplained weight loss - common
fever - common
fatigue - common
pain
skin changes
sometimes cancer specific

Front 18

fine needle aspiration (FNA)

Back 18

type of biopsy to diagnose cancer by taking a needle size piece of tumor

Front 19

excisional biopsy

Back 19

take whole thing out

ex. lymphoma - remove whole lymph node

Front 20

incisional biopsy

Back 20

taking a piece of the tissue

Front 21

What are the different ways to diagnose cancer?

Back 21

- biopsy - tissue sample needed for definitive diagnosis
- lab values: peripheral blood - CBC, specific markers
- imaging studies or scans: size of tumor, penetration or effect on different organ systems; distant metastasis

Front 22

What are the factors that determine the particular stage of cancer?

Back 22

- dx specific
- oncology/solid organ: TNM staging
- dx progression: I-IV (w/ I has not progressed as much)
- prognosis

Front 23

TNM Staging

Back 23

most common school of staging

T: tumor size or location
N: what lymph nodes or how many the cancer is in
M: metastasis

Front 24

cure

Back 24

cancer goes away forever (magic #: 5)

Front 25

remission

Back 25

cancer goes away but not @ 5 yr mark

Front 26

relapse

Back 26

have cancer before, you went into remission, cancer came back

Front 27

Overall Survival (OS)

Back 27

time from start of tx until death (endpoint: death)

Front 28

Progression Free Survival (PFS)

Back 28

time from start of tx until dx progresses or grows (shorter than overall survival)

used in cancer where goal is to prevent cancer from growing; not going to get rid of it; look @ point where dx grows

Front 29

What are the 2 types of cancer treatment?

Back 29

local & systemic

Front 30

local cancer treatment

Back 30

surgery; radiation

Front 31

systemic cancer treatment

Back 31

chemotherapy; other

Front 32

What is the goal of surgery in cancer treatment?

Back 32

to have negative margins (where all cancer is removed by surgery & around the cancer is all normal tissue)

positive margin: some of cancerous tissue is in outside of margins of area that was excised

Front 33

What are the adverse effects of surgery?

Back 33

bronchopneumonia
congestive heart failure
acute myocardial infarction
pulmonary embolism
respiratory failure

Front 34

What is the purpose of surgery?

Back 34

curative
treatment, along w/ other modes
debulking
palliative sx
reconstruction
urgent

Front 35

radiation therapy (XRT)

Back 35

medical use of ionizing radiation to control cancer

types: external beam & brachytherapy or internal (placement of radioactive material in tumor)

Front 36

What is the purpose of radiation?

Back 36

curative
palliative
concurrent chemoradiation (Ex. Cisplatin)

Front 37

What are the adverse effects of radiation?

Back 37

acute (1-2 wks): mucositis; N/D; fatigue; proctitis
subacute (2-3 wks): pneumonitis; liver dx
chronic (> 6 mo): fibrosis; fistula formation; organ damage; bowel obstruction; secondary cancer

Front 38

Chemotherapy Regimen

Back 38

medications used together to treat cancer

Ex. AC or doxorubicin (Adriamycin) & cyclophosphamide for breast cancer

Front 39

Chemotherapy Cycle

Back 39

number of days for treatment plus days to recover b/t treatments

Ex. AC has 14 day cycle, given for 4 cycles

Front 40

What is the purpose of chemotherapy?

Back 40

systemic treatment
curative
adjuvant (given after surgery or radiation)
neoadjuvant (given before surgery or radiation)
palliative
direct instillation into tumor

Front 41

doubling time

Back 41

time that cancer takes to double in number of cells or certain level

(faster doubling time = more aggressive cancer = chemo more effective)

Front 42

What are the adverse effects of chemotherapy?

Back 42

myelosuppression
N/V
alopecia
mucositis
infertility (usually not irreversible)

Front 43

targeted therapy

Back 43

medications that specifically target cancer cells on a molecular level (gene expression; growth regulation; angiogenesis, Ex. bevacizumab (Avastatin))

Front 44

What are the adverse effects of targeted therapy?

Back 44

infusion reactions
acneiform rash (more rash = better response)
diarrhea

Front 45

hormonal therapy

Back 45

seen in cancers that grow due to release of hormones

Ex. tamoxifen, selective anti-estrogen for breast cancer

Front 46

biological response modifiers

Back 46

used for cancers sensitive to the immune system

Ex. interleukin-2 for melanoma

Front 47

cancer screening

Back 47

detecting disease in asymptomatic patient

Front 48

What is the goal of cancer screening?

Back 48

to prevent morbidity and mortality

Front 49

What are the cancers with screening available?

Back 49

1. PSA - prostate
2. mammogram - breast
3. colonoscopy - colon
4. pap smear - cervical
5. skin screening - skin
6. low helical CT scans - lung

Front 50

What are some lifestyle modifications for cancer prevention?

Back 50

smoking cessation and alcohol avoidance
diet: reduce fat & calories
exercise