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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what agents are used to treat anemia?
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iron (ferrous sulfate)
vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) folic acid erythropoiten |
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what is the hormone that drives RBC production, and where is it produced?
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erythropoiten
in the adrenals |
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what are the platelet aggregation inhibitors (anti-platelets)?
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aspirin
ticlopidine dipyridamole |
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what is aspirin's method of action?
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inhibits COX-1, preventing formation of TXA2
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what can aspirin be used for?
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prophylaxis for MI & CVA
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what is ticlopidine's method of action?
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inhibits ADP pathway involved in platelet aggregation and binding to fibrinogen & to each other
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which platelet aggregation inhibitor exhibits neutropenia as its most serious side effect?
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ticlopidine
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what are some side effects of ticlopidine?
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neutropenia, thrombocytopenia purpura, phenytoin toxicity, hemorrhage
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for what can ticlopidine be used?
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decreases thrombotic stroke
TIA unstable angina prevent vascular disease |
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which platelet aggregation inhibitor is a coronary vasodilator, useful in angina?
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dipyridamole
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how does dipyridamole work?
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increases intracellular cAMP, decreasing the amt of TXA2
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dipyridamole can be used in combination with what drug to reduce the amt of emboli in prosthetic heart valves?
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warfarin
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which platelet aggregation inhibitor is ineffective when used alone?
with what other antiplatelet is it often given? |
dipyridamole
aspirin |
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which anticoagulant is administered IV only?
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heparin
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which is the anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy?
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heparin
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|
what agents are used to treat anemia?
|
iron (ferrous sulfate)
vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) folic acid erythropoiten |
|
|
what is the hormone that drives RBC production, and where is it produced?
|
erythropoiten
in the adrenals |
|
|
what are the platelet aggregation inhibitors (anti-platelets)?
|
aspirin
ticlopidine dipyridamole |
|
|
what is aspirin's method of action?
|
inhibits COX-1, preventing formation of TXA2
|
|
|
what can aspirin be used for?
|
prophylaxis for MI & CVA
|
|
|
what is ticlopidine's method of action?
|
inhibits ADP pathway involved in platelet aggregation and binding to fibrinogen & to each other
|
|
|
which platelet aggregation inhibitor exhibits neutropenia as its most serious side effect?
|
ticlopidine
|
|
|
what are some side effects of ticlopidine?
|
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia purpura phenytoin toxicity hemorrhage |
|
|
for what can ticlopidine be used?
|
decreases thrombotic stroke
TIA unstable angina prevent vascular disease |
|
|
which platelet aggregation inhibitor is a coronary vasodilator, useful in angina?
|
dipyridamole
|
|
|
how does dipyridamole work?
|
increases intracellular cAMP, decreasing the amt of TXA2
|
|
|
dipyridamole can be used in combination with what drug to reduce the amt of emboli in prosthetic heart valves?
|
warfarin
|
|
|
which platelet aggregation inhibitor is ineffective when used alone?
with what other antiplatelet is it often given? |
dipyridamole
aspirin |
|
|
which anticoagulant is administered IV only?
|
heparin
|
|
|
which is the anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy?
|
heparin
|
|
|
what are the agents used to treat anemia?
|
iron (ferrous sulfate)
vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) folic acid erythropoiten |
|
|
what is the hormone that drives production of RBC, and where is it produced?
|
erythropoiten
in the adrenals |
|
|
what are the platelet aggregation inhibitors (antiplatelets)?
|
aspirin
ticlopidine dipyridamole |
|
|
how does aspirin work?
|
it inhibits COX-1, preventing formation of TXA2
|
|
|
what can aspirin be used for?
|
prophylaxis for MI & CVA
|
|
|
how does ticlopidine work?
|
inhibits ADP pathway involved in platelet aggregation & binding to fibrinogen & to each other
|
|
|
which antiplatelet may cause neutropenia?
|
ticlopidine
|
|
|
what are the side effects of ticlopidine?
|
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia purpura phenytoin toxicity hemorrhage |
|
|
for what is ticlopidine used?
|
decreases thrombotic stroke
TIA unstable angina prevents vascular disease |
|
|
which antiplatelet is a coronary vasodilator and useful in angina?
|
dipyridamole
|
|
|
how does dipyridamole work?
|
increases intracellular cAMP, decreasing the amt of TXA2
|
|
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which antiplatelet can be used w/warfarin to reduce emboli in prosthetic heart valves?
|
dipyridamole
|
|
|
which antiplatelet is ineffective when used alone?
what is it often used with? |
dipyridamole
aspirin |
|
|
what are the anticoagulants?
|
heparin
warfarin & coumarin |
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which anticoagulant is administered by IV only?
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heparin
|
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which anticoagulant is administered only orally?
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warfarin
|
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which anticoagulant is the agent of choice in pregnancy?
|
heparin
|
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how does heparin work?
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binds antithrombin III --> rapid inactivation of coagulation factors
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what are some side effects of heparin?
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osteoporosis (long term)
transient thrombocytopenia (25%) severe thrombocytopenia (5%) hemorrhage hypersensitivity |
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when is heparin contraindicated?
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sensitivity
hemophilia/bleeding disorders thrombocytopenia purpura severe HTN hemorrhage alcoholics hepatic/renal dysfunction |
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what can be used in heparin overdose?
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protamine sulfate
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how do warfarin/coumarin work?
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block vitamin K dependent coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, X) by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase
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what percent of warfarin is bound to albumin?
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99%
|
|
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when is warfarin contraindicated?
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pregnancy - it crosses the placenta and is teratogenic and causes abortion
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what can be used for warfarin reversal?
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vitamin K with fresh frozen plasma and factor IX concentrates
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what are the thrombolytics?
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streptokinase
alteplase (tPA) urokinase anistreplase |
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streptokinase is a product of what?
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beta-hemolytic streptococci
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how does streptokinase work?
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activates fibrinolysis by forming a complex w/plasminogen
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what can streptokinase be used for?
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acute MI
acute pulmonary embolism deep vein thrombosis |
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what are the side effects of streptokinase?
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bleeding (4%, most serious)
allergy (up to 20%) BP/HR drop (10%) |
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what are contraindications of streptokinase?
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bleeding
uncontrolled HTN CVA or surgery w/in last 2mos |
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how does alteplase (tPA) work?
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converts plasminogen to plasmin, which digests fibrin in the clot
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onset & duration of alteplase?
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onset: 60-90min
duration: 30min |
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how much of a clot is digested by alteplase in 10 minutes?
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80%
|
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what can alteplase be used for?
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acute MI
embolic CVA pulmonary embolism DVT |
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contraindications of alteplase (tPA)?
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bleeding
recent surgery (2-3weeks) recent hemorrhagic CVA prolonged CPR uncontrolled HTN |
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side effects of tPA?
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bleeding
allergy hypotension reperfusion arrhythmias |
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which is the only fibrolytic approved for use in CVA?
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alteplase (tPA)
|
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what are the antifibrinolytics?
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vitamin K
factor concentrates aminocaproic acid & tranexamic acid protamine sulfate fresh frozen plasma, whole blood |
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which antifibrinolytic is used for hemorrhage secondary to warfarin?
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vitamin K
|
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how do aminocaproic acid/tranexamic acid work?
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inhibitors of plasminogen activator
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what can aminocaproic acid & tranexamic acid be used for?
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bleeding following fibrinolytic tx
hemophilia intracranial aneurysm hyphema |
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how does protamine sulfate work?
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forms a stable complex w/heparin that has no anticoagulant activity
|
|
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how does anistreplase work?
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converts plasminogen to plasmin, which degrades fibrin
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what can urokinase be used to treat?
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DVT
pulmonary embolism MI occluded IV or dialysis |
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signals promoting platelet aggregation
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decreased prostacyclin
exposed collagen |
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signals inhibiting platelet aggregation
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increased prostacyclin
decreased thrombin/thromboxanes |
