Hematology Test 2

Front 1

P50 value for hemoglobin

Back 1

pressure at which 50% of hemoglobin is oxygenated.

P50 for hgb=26 torrs

Front 2

PO₂for alveolar capillaries

Back 2

almost 100 torrs

Front 3

pressure effects on oxygen release from hemoglobin

Back 3

increase in pressure=higher affinity (more bound)
decrease in pressure=lower affinity (more released)

Front 4

Bohr Effect

Back 4

increased pH=increased hgb-oxygen affinity
decreased pH=decreased hgb-oxygen affinity

Front 5

shift to the right

Back 5

decreased hgb-oxygen affinity
DPG ↑
pH ↓
temp ↑

Front 6

shift to the left

Back 6

increased hbg-oxygen affinity
DPG ↓
pH ↑
temp ↓

Front 7

carboxyhemoglobin

Back 7

smokers, smog
reversible over time, slow and unpredictable. occurs when CO (hgb has higher affinity for this) binds instead of oxygen

Front 8

sulfhemoglobin

Back 8

formed during increase in sulfur in blood
caused by taking sulfa drugs or chronic constipation
irreversible--RBCs must be removed from circulation

Front 9

methemoglobin

Back 9

formed when ferrous iron (++) bound to heme is oxidized to (+++). Normal in 1% of circulating blood
reversible with strong reducing agents.

Front 10

Hemoglobin S

Back 10

substitution of valine for glutamate in the 6th position of the beta chain of hemoglobin. Causes sticky patches which lead to deformation of RBC

Front 11

Intravascular Hemolysis

Back 11

occurs when severely damaged cells lyse in circulation.
components are found in circulation.
hemoglobin bound to haptoglobin and transported to liver
hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, hemosidinuria

Front 12

Extravascular Hemolysis

Back 12

normal processes of removal of old or damaged cells from circulation by spleen or liver.
components are saved and reutilized.
increased serum bilirubin, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin

Front 13

Disassembly of protoporphyrin

Back 13

Alpha carbon exhaled as CO
protoporphyrin ring converted to biliverdin (green) which is then converted to bilirubin (yellow) and carried by albumin to liver then excreted

Front 14

results of increased intravascular hemolysis

Back 14

increased indirect bilirubin
depleted haptoglobin and hemopexin
increased LDH
increased retic count
measurable methemalbumin
hyperplastic bone marrow

Front 15

role of erythropoeitin in intravascular and extravascular hemolysis

Back 15

controls production/destruction balance

Front 16

RBC

Back 16

4.7-6.1 x 10 6th/μl Male

4.2-5.4 x 10 6tg /μl Female

Front 17

WBC

Back 17

4.8 – 10.8 x 10 3rd/μl

Front 18

Hgb

Back 18

14-18 grams/dL Male

12 – 16 grams/dL Female

Front 19

Hct

Back 19

42-52% Male

37-47% Female

Front 20

MCV

Back 20

81-99 fL

Front 21

MCH

Back 21

27-31 pg

Front 22

MCHC

Back 22

32-36 g/dL or %

Front 23

RDW

Back 23

11.5-14.5%

Front 24

Reticulocyte

(not normal part of CBC)

Back 24

0.5 – 1.5%

Front 25

PLT

Back 25

150,000 – 450,000/μl

Front 26

Neutrophils

Back 26

42-75%

1.4-6.5 x 10 3rd/μl

Front 27

Lymphocytes

Back 27

20 – 50%

1.2-3.4 x 10 3rd/μl

Front 28

Monocytes

Back 28

1.7 – 9.3%

0.11-0.59 x 10 3rd/μl

Front 29

Eosinophils

Back 29

0 – 4 %

0-0.5 x 10 3rd/μl

Front 30

Basophils

Back 30

0 – 2 %

0 – 0.2 x 10 3rd/μl

Front 31

Leukocytosis

Back 31

increased number of WBCs

Front 32

Leukocytopenia

Back 32

decreased number of WBCs

Front 33

Pancytopenia

Back 33

decreased number of all blood cells

Front 34

Normocytic

Back 34

RBC's of normal size (Normal MCV)

Front 35

Microcytic

Back 35

Abnormally small RBC's (corresponds to an MCV < 80)

Front 36

Macrocytic

Back 36

Abnormally large RBC's (corresponds to a MCV > 100)

Front 37

Normochromic

Back 37

RBC's that appear to contain normal amounts of hemoglobin on microscopic examination of blood smear

Front 38

hypochromic

Back 38

RBC's that have decreased amounts of hemoglobin and appear pale, and washed out on smear. (corresponds to a low MCH and low MCHC)

Front 39

Anisocytosis

Back 39

Variation in RBC size.
The higher the RDW, the greater the amount of anisocytosis

Front 40

Poikilocytosis

Back 40

Variation in RBC shape

Front 41

reticulocyte count

Back 41

The proportion (%) of RBC's in a specimen of blood that are immature reticulocytes

Normal Range = 0.5% - 1.5%

Front 42

Rule of Three

Back 42

In calculating the RBC indices the RBC count is usually 1/3rd of the Hemoglobin, and the Hemoglobin is usually 1/3rd of the Hematocrit. This gives a MCHC of 33.3 in a normal CBC.

Front 43

calculating MCV

Back 43

MCV= Hct X 10/RBC

Front 44

calculating MCH

Back 44

MCH = Hemoglobin X 10/RBC Count

Front 45

calculating MCHC

Back 45

MCHC = Hemoglobin X 10/Hematocrit

Front 46

Calculating absolute values for cells

Back 46

total WBC count x % of cell
EX: WBC Count of 8.2 x 10 3rd/μl
73 Neutrophils of 100 cells
so .73 * 8200=5.98 x 10 3rd/μl

Front 47

MCV

Back 47

The average size (volume) of an RBC

Normal values: 80-100 fl. (a femtoliter [fl] = 10-15 liter)

Front 48

MCH

Back 48

the average hemoglobin content of a RBC.

Normal values: 26-34 pg. (a picogram [pg] = 10-12 gram)

Front 49

MCHC

Back 49

the percentage of a RBC's volume which contains hemoglobin.

Normal values: Usually between 31-37%.

Front 50

Howell Jolly bodies

Back 50

spherical granules of 1 to 2 mm--DNA
single granules, occasionally two are present, rarely more
distinctly dark purple with Wrights Stain
Megaloblastic anemia, severe hemolytic anemias, thalassemias and splenectomy

Front 51

Siderosomes

Back 51

Granules or aggregates of ferritin
small clusters near the periphery of normoblasts and less often, reticulocytes
Stained with Prussian Blue (Iron Stain)

Front 52

Pappenheimer Bodies

Back 52

Irregular deposits of iron mature erythrocytes
Wright’s Stain--faint violet or magenta specks
Prussian blue stain-confirm iron

Front 53

Heinz Bodies

Back 53

Spheres of denatured or precipitated hemoglobin
phase contrast microscopy or stained with crystal violet or brilliant cresyl blue
G-6-PD and pyruvate kinase deficiencies, oxidizing drugs, splenectomy

Front 54

Basophilic Stippling

Back 54

Consists of fine, diffuse to course, irregular granules of aggregated ribosomes and polyribosomes
Wright's Stain-dark blue to black
Prominent in fetal and neonatal blood and exposure to lead and other toxic metals