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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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functions of blood
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provide O2
remove CO2 give immunity clotting factors transport medium |
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells
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canine RBC size
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7 microns
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feline RBC size
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5.8 microns
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RBC shape
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biconcave disk
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erythropoiesis
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process of forming red blood cells
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bone marrow
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where erythropoiesis occurs
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myeloid system
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system containing white blood cells
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granulocytes
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have granules in cytoplasm
neutrophils eosinophils basophils |
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agranulocytes
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do not have granules in cytoplasm
monocytes lymphocytes |
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neutrophils
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also called segs or PMN's
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neutrophilia
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increased number of neutrophils,
seen with incection, stress, or inflammation |
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neutropenia
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decreased number of neutrophils
seen in cases of long--term infection |
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neutrophil function
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phagocytize, bactericidal, first line of defense
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neutrophils
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WBC's that have a segmented nucleus, light colored cytoplasm, "pink dusting"
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bands
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immature neutrophils that do not have a pinched nucleus
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left shift
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condition seen with severe or chronic infection and inflammation
1000+ bands / ml of blood |
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degenerative left shift
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occurs when the number of bands exceeds the number of segs
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eosinophils
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"eos"
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eosinophil function
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phagocytic, seen in high #'s with worms / internal parasites and non-life threatening allergic reactions
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eosinophil appearance
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WBC's that are reddish with reddish-orange granules, segmented nucleus, species differences
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eosinophilia
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occurs during an allergic reaction (basic allergy) or with presence of internal parasites
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eosinopenia
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very low numbers of eosinophils, not usually considered a problem (should be low)
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basophils
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"baso"
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basophil function
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release histamine to promote removal of antigen
initiate inflammatory process |
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basophilia
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numbers go up during life threatening allertic reactions
also potentially in cats with heartworm |
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basophil appearance
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stain with tons and tons of dark purple granules
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basopenia
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occurs when basophil numbers are very low (not an issue, are low normally)
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lymphocyte function
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antibody formation
create cellular immunity can kill cells but are not phagocytic |
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lymphocyte appearance
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round with medium blue cytoplasm and a perfectly round purple staining nucleus
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monocytes
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"mono"
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monocyte appearance
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dark blue nucleus that can have any shape, icy blue cytoplasm, may see vacuoles, largest of WBCs
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monocytosis
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decreased numbers of monocytes due to chronic infections where long term cleanup is needed
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monocyte functions
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phagocytize foreign material; capable of multiple phagocytic events
"clean-up crew" become macrophages after circulating in bloodstream |
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monocytopenia
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decreased numbers of monocytes; not a concern (should be low)
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gray tube
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sodium heparain
sodium fluoride preserve blood glucose |
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green tube
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lithium heparin
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purple tube
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edta
ethylenediaminetetracetic acid used for CBC's |
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blue tube
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sodium citrate
used for coagulation studies |
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red-top tube
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empty tube, used for serum
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zebra top tube
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serum separator tube
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heparin
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anticoagulant used for several tests
blood gases heartworm FELV/FIV BSP (liver function) blood ammonia DO NOT USE FOR CBC SMEARS, can negatively affect cell appearance |
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edta
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anticoagulant used for CBC's and blood smears
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sodium citrate
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anticoagulant used for coagulation profiles (PT/PTT) or clotting factor analysis
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sodium fluoride
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anticoagulant used to test blood glucose levels; used in special cases
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things to remember with red tube serum samples
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draw serum out of tube quickly, get off blood clot and place in another tube
do not invert after centrifugation |
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things to remember with zebra tube serum samples
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these are save to invert after spinning
if test will not be run on serum within 2-3 hours, serum should be drawn out |
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serum-related tests
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profiles ("chemistry panels")
thyroid function tests ACTH stim test lo-dose dex suppression test |
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factors effecting serum samples
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hemolysis
lipemia icterus improper clotting (10 min. min) delay in separating serum from clot |
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types of lipemia
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postprandial
fasting |
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diseases that could cause lipemia
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hypothyroidism
diabetes mellitus primary lipemia (schnauzers) |
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causes of hemolysis
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needle too small
blood through needle more than once difficult venipuncture lipemia disease processes |
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serum samples
if hours before testing |
centrifuge
separate serum refrigerate |
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serum samples
if days until testing |
centrifuge
separate serum freeze |
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serum sample life span at room temp
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one hour
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components of a CBC
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PCV/TP
WBC count differential |
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components of a differential
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RBC morphology
platelet esimation types of WBCs and #'s |
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differential
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reading of a blood smear
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PCV
(packed cell volume) |
% RBC's in whole blood
tells hydration status and whether or not anemia is present |
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hemocytometer
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counting device
counts things - sperm WBC's synovial fluid platelets RBC's |
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average PCV for an animal
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45%
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buffy coat
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whitish layer after centrifiuging that is composed of white blood cells and platelets
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TP
(total protein) |
measurement of proteins in the blood
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what TP tells you
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hydration status
elevated could mean dehydration (proteins are not diluted properly) |
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average buffy coat size
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1-2mm
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refractometer
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instrument used to measure total protein and urine specific gravity
uses refractive index to measure |
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plasma colors (record when evaluating)
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normal
icteric hemolyzed lipemic |
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other tests that can be done with a PCV / hematocrit
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microfilaria screening
plasma fibrinogen estimation |
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unopette systems
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contain a lysing solution and a pipette that will remove cells except for those you want to count
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what light to read a hemocytometer with
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low light
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what you SHOULD count on a hemocytomenter
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cells on the inside, top, and left
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what you should IGNORE when using a hemocytometer
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cells on the bottom or right
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unopette errors
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blood tube not filled properly
hole in top of bottle is too small dilution splashes out when mixing not wiping pipette not mixing blood before testing improper hemocytometer loading |
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WBC unopette reading magnification
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10x
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WBC unopette dilution
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1:100
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WBC unopette squares to count
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all 9 squares
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platelet unopette reading objective
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40x
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platelet unopette dilution
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1:100
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WBC unopette multiplication factor
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total count x 110
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platelet unopette squares to count
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25 small squares in center big square
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platelet unopette multiplication factor
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total count x 1000
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absolute value formula
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% cell type counted
x total WBC count get a number instead of a percentage, gives a more accurate picture |
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anisocytosis
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variations in RBC size
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poikilocytosis
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abnormal RBC shape
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microcytosis
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small RBC's
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polychromasia
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darker colored RBCs than normal
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hypocromasia
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lighter colored RBCs than normal
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RBC parasites
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mycoplasma hemofelis
aka hemobartonella felis |
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RBC inclusions
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howell jolly bodies
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NRBCs
(nucleated red blood cells) |
immature RBCs found in circulation
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corrected WBC formula
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used when more than 10 NRBCs are found
100 / 100 WBC + #NRBCs x total WBC count |
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how a platelet estimate is described
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adequate
decreased increased clumped |
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after drawing a sample, how soon should you make a smear?
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15 minutes
to avoid morphological changes (if EDTA) if fresh, immediately |
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plasma proteins
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proteins found in the blood plasma or serum that make up the total protein in a blood sample
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types of plasma proteins
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hemoglobin
albumin immunoglobulins clotting factors |
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the three major protein groups
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albumin
globulins clotting factors |
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three types of clotting factors
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prothrombin
fibrinogen thrombin |
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condition caused by fluid shifting into vessels, out of tissues; too many particles in the blood (hyperproteiniemia)
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dehydration
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condition caused by fluid shifting out of the vessels, into the tissues; not enough particles in the blood (hypoproteinemia)
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edema
ascites |
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high TP can be signs of these diseases
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hepatic disease or renal disease
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refractometer sample temperatures
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room temp
70-85%F |
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things that refractometers can read
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total protein
total solids specific gravity |
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sources of refractometer errors
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lipemia
turbidity hemoglobinemia glucosuria your eyesight sample amount sample temperature |
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gram stain reagents
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crystal violet (primary stain)
iodine solution (mordant) ethanol (decolorizer) safranin (counterstain) water for rinsing |
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gram stain process
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crystal violet flood
stand 60 rinse 5 iodine flood stand 60 rinse 5 add ethanol by drop - no color rinse 5 flood safranin stand 60 rinse 5 air dry |
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gram negative bacteria stain color
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stain pink
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gram positive bacteria stain color
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stain purple
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wright's stain
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allows you to differentiate between WBC types
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wright's stain reagents
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acid dye - eosin
basic dye - methylene blue |
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wright's stain steps
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cover slide with wright's stain for three minutes, add buffer, mix by blowing, scum will appear, let stand three minutes
rinse, clean off excess stain, let air dry |
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diff-quik stains
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quick wright's stain substitute, allows to see different types of WBCs
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diff-quick stain reagents
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alcohol fixative
eosin stain azure stain |
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new methylene blue stains
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used to enhance certain cells
reticulocytes heinz bodies hemobartonella smears cytology smears knott's test |
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other body fluids that can be stained
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abdominal fluid
chest fluid seminal fluid cyst fluid |
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regenerative anemia
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anemia in which bone marrow is responding to loss of RBCs
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signs of regenerative anemia
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NRBCs
polychromatic cells (large and purple staining RBCs) |
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polychromasia
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when RBCs are showing different colors than normal, sign of regenerative anemia (first response)
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immature RBCs when stained with wright's stain or diff-quik
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polychromatophilic cells
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immature RBCs when stained with new methylene blue
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reticulocytes
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causes of regenerative anemia
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blood loss
hemolysis / hemolytic issues dog is eating onions |
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non-regenerative anemia
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body is not responding or is responding poorly to loss of RBCs
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causes of non-regenerative anemia
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neoplasia
leukemia (stem cell problem) toxins infections |
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normocytic
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RBCs that are normal size
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macrocytic
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RBCs that are really big
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microcytic
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RBCs that are tiny
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MCV
mean corpuscular volume |
represents the average SIZE of a RBC
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MCV formula
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PCV/RBC x 10
expressed in femtoliters (fl) |
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canine MCV normal value
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60-77fl
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feline MCV normal value
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34-55fl
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MCH
mean corpuscular hemoglobin |
tells you the weight of hemoglobin in an average RBC
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normochromic
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normal amount of Hb (or color) in an RBC
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hypochromic
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decreased amount of Hb (or color) in an RBC
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MCH formula
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Hb/RBC x 10
expressed in picograms |
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canine normal MCH
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19-25 pg
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feline normal MCH
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13-17 pg
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MCHC
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
tells you the percentage of hemoglobin in the average RBC
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MCHC formula
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Hb/PCV x 100
expressed in g/dl |
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MCHC mammalian normal
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30-36 g/dl
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rough hemoglobin formula
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PCV / 3
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rough RBC count formula
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PCV / 6
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synovial fluid
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lubricating fluid located in the joint capsule
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arthrocentesis
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procedure to aspirate a joint to remove synovial fluid
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how to process synovial fluid
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more than 1ml collected - should be placed in EDTA tube
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tests performed on synovial fluid
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color and clarity (clear)
viscosity (1-2 inch strand) cell counts TP cytology mucin clot test |
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electronic cell counter advantages
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accurate counts
less technician time results in minutes 3-part differentials |
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electronic cell counter disadvantages
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can require extensive sample prep
expensive equipment have maintenance needs differentials are inaccurate cell counts can be erroneous |
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impedance counter brands
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Heska ABC
Hemavet CDC |
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impedence cell counters
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counters that use a dilution of cells in an electrolyte solution, draws them through an aperture and counts by sending a pulse through the current, telling size of cell
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impedance cell counter advantages
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can calculate RBC indices
evaluate different mammals will do RBC / WBC / platelets as well as count hematocrit |
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impedance cell counter disadvantages
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can not provide complete differential
clumped cells can cause elevated counts only evaluates nuclear material, not cytoplasm |
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quantitative buffy coat analysis machines (QBC's)
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machine works based on centrifugation; uses an orange dye to spread the buffy coat into layers of cells that take dye differently
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QBC machine advantages
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economical machine
can use flags to alert to abnormalities / malfunctioning |
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QBC machine disadvantages
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no complete differential provided
only separates granulocytes from agranulocytes calculation assumes that RBC shape and size is normal |
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flow cytometers
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machines that work by using a suspension of blood cells broken into droplets and passed through a laser beam
each cell has a signature |
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flow cytometer advantages
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most accurate and reliable count of machines because there is cell visualization
clumped cells IDed / ignored accurate reticulocyte counts |
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flow cytometer disadvantages
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extremely expensive machine
miscounting is still possible blood smear evaluation is still needed to ID abnormalities |
