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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A. What is the normal erythrocyte concentration in the blood?
B. What is the normal hematocrit? |
A. Women: 3.3-5.5 E6/mm3
Men: 4.3-5.9 E6/mm3 B. Women: 36-46% Men: 41-53% |
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Describe the genetic mutation that leads to the altered hemoglobin molecule responsible for sickle cell anemia.
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Single base pair substitution resulting in 6. E -> 6. V on beta subunit of Hb molecule
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How are the constituent molecules of RBCs "recycled" upon RBC degradation?
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1. Macrophages in spleen, liver, and bone marrow engulf and digest RBCs
2. Iron carried by transferrin to combine in tissues with apoferritin -> ferritin 3. Heme -> biliverdin -> bilirubin, which is secreted with bile salts |
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Name the three types of granulocytes.
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neutrophils
eosinophils basophils |
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Describe neutrophils.
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- the primary cells of the acute inflammatory response
- also known as PMNs due to their multi-lobed nuclei - contain lysozomes (azurophilic granules) with hydrolytic enzymes for bacterial destruction - these phagocytes move by chemotaxis to bacterial targets - 54-62% of all leukocytes |
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Describe eosinophils.
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- prominent in allergic rxns, parasitic infxns
- bilobed nuclei and acidophilic granules - granules contain hydrolytic enzymes, peroxidase - 1-3% of leukocytes |
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Describe basophils.
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- present in certain immune rxns
- contain large spheroid granules of proteoglycans, heparin and histamine - also release vasoactive amines and leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 |
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Name the two classes of agranulocytes.
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lymphocytes
monocytes |
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Describe lymphocytes.
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- enter blood from lymphatic tissues
- classified as T or B lymphocytes - circular dark-stained nuclei, scanty blue cytoplasm - 25-33% of all leukocytes |
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Describe T lymphocytes.
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- principal effectors of cell-mediated immunity
- precursors produced in bone marrow, differentiate in thymus - also fxn as helper and suppressor cells by modulating response of B cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and other T lymphocytes |
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Describe B lymphocytes.
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- principal mediators of humoral immunity through their production of antibodies [ab]
- produced, differentiate in bone marrow (and ?GALT) - differentiate into ab-producing plasma cells - after 2nd antigen exposure, differentiate into memory cells, special plasma cells |
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Describe monocytes.
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- largest of peripheral blood cells at ~2x RBC diameter
- kidney-shaped nuclei, fine azurophilic granules - precursors of tissue macrophages (histiocytes), osteoclasts, alveolar macrophages, Kupffer cells (of liver) - 3-7% of all leukocytes |
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Describe platelets.
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- small, anuclear, membrane-bound fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm (in bone marrow)
- short life span (~10 days) - aggregate to plug rupture sites in vessels by platelet-platelet interactions - initiate clotting cascade to ultimately create fibrin |
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Name some proteins contained in blood plasma.
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albumin (major factor of osmotic pressure)
globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) fibrinogen |
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What is the difference between plasma and serum?
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Serum lacks clotting factors; it is the clear yellow fluid separated from the coagulum during blood clotting
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