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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The pH of blood is
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7.35-7.45
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The normal temperature of blood is
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38°C
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The specific gravity of blood is
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1.056-1.061
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The functional role of the nucleus is
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to control and direct the development, function and division of the cell
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The functional role of the cytoplasm
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soluble portion of the cell where most of the cell's metabolic reactions take place
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The functional role of the nucleolus is
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site for sythesis of ribosomal RNA
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The functional role of the Golgi body is
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site for concentration and secretion of granuals and the separation of carbohydrate components into other cellular components
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The functional role of endoplasmic reticulum, both smooth and rough
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interconnects cavietes of cell
Smooth: agranular site for synthesis of lipids Rough: contains ribosomes or granules associated with protein production |
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The functional role of ribosomes
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active protein synthesis, in RBC site of hemoglobin synthesis
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The functional role of mitochondria
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main site of energy production for the cell
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The functional role of lysosomes
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contain hydrolitci enzymes used in phagocytosis. capable of breakdown of cell walls
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The fucntional role of microfilaments
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components of cytoplasmic cytoskeleton that allow plasma membrane to contact and pinch for phagocytosis
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The functional role of microtubules
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associated with mitotic spindle. Used for self-assembly of microfilaments to provide cell shape
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The functional role of the centriole
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serve as point of insertion of spindle fibers during cell division
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Heterochromatin
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densely packed chromatin near histone
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Euchromatin
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uncoiled DNA strands within the nucleus
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Anaplasia
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highly pleomorphic and bizarre cytologic features associated with malignant tumors
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Atrophy
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decrease in number and size of cless that can lead to decrease in organ size or tissue mass
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Dysplasia
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abnormal cytologic features and cellular organization that is a premalignant change
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Hyperplasia
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increase in number of cells
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hypertrophy
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increase in size of the cell that can lead to increase in organ or tissue size
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metaplasia
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change from one adult cell type to another
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Hematopoesis
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formation, development, and specialization of all functional blood cells
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Location for hematopoesis in first trimester
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yolk sac
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cellularity of bone marrow
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30-70%
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bone region with highest % of bone marrow
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pelvis
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normal ranges for cells in bone marrow
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myeloid 60-70%
Erythroid 20% Lymphocyte 10-15% Plasma cells 2% |
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normal myeloid to erythroid ratio in normal bone marrow
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2.5-4:1
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six properties of totipotential stem cell
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1)capable of unlimited self renewal
2) capable of unlimited differentiation 3) low mitotic rate 4)highly resistant to chemotherapy 5) present in small numbers 6)reside primarily in marrow |
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major differences between totipotential and multipotential stem cells
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multipotential stem cells are capable of extended self renewal and extended differentiation as opposed to the unlimited potential of totipotential cells
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Progenitor cells
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Differentiate into precursor cells, are responsive to hematopoietic growth factors and express differentiation antigens
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Effector cells
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red cells, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets
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granulocyte maturation pathway from precursor to mature cell
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myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, neutrophil
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red blood cell maturation pathway from precursor to mature cell
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rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, reticulocyte, erythrocyte
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erythropoiesis
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creation of RBCs for oxygen and waste transport
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function of GM-CSF
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stimulate production of granulocytes and monocytes
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function of G-CSF
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primarily, but not exclusively, stimulates production of granulocytes
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stem cell factor
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stimulate totipotential, pluripotential stem cells to enter differentiation pathway
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interleukins
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mediate complex communications between classes of WBCs and WBC effect on hematopoeisis
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extramedullary hematopoietic tissues
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lymph nodes, thymus, lungs, gastrointestinal, liver, urinary tract, reproductive organs
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dynamic equilibrium of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells
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at any one time 50% of granulocytes are in blood and 50% in storage, RBCs 100% in blood and platelets 70% blood 30% storage. Can be changed in times of need
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maturation time from Rubriblast to Erythrocyte
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3-5 days
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rubriblast
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14-19 μm
N:C= 4:1 |
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prorubricyte
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12-17 μm
N:C= 4:1 |
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rubricyte
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12-15 μm
N:C= 4:1 |
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metarubricyte
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8-12 μm
N:C= 1:1 |
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reticulocyte
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7-10 μm
N:C= N/A |
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erythrocyte
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6-8 μm
N:C=N/A |
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integral protein
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transverse the membrane, made up of glycophorin, contains blood group antigens
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peripheral proteins
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part of cytoskeleton, under the membrane, made up of spectrin and others
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Names and examples of integral and peripheral proteins
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integral: glycophorin A,B,C
peripheral: spectrin, band 4/1, Actin, Ankyrin |
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phospholipid bilayer of RBC membrane
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~40% lipid
~50% protein ~10% carbohydrate |
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3 basic functions of RBC membrane
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1) separate intracellular from extracellular
2) allow nutrient and ion passage selectively in and out of cell 3) allow cell to deform when required |
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Role of carbohydrates and proteins in RBC membrane
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carbohydrates: associated with lipids and proteins mostly on outside of cell.
proteins: peripheral and integral proteins form cytoskeleton, carry antigens, are anchoring sites depending on location |
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phospholipids associated with the RBC membrane
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phosphatidyl choline: probably control point in lipid renewal pathway
phosphatidyl ethanolamine, serine: on outside of cell cascade is activated as well as extravascular hemolysis |
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pathological conditions associated with too much cholesterol on the RBC membrane
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liver disease, lipid disorders, chronic hemolitic anemia
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role of cholesterol in RBC membrane
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affects survace area, regulates membrane fluidity and permeability, responsible for passive cation permeability of membrane
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functions of RBC membrane proteins: integral
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integral proteins: ion channels, membrane pumps, structural support in association with peripheral proteins. connect outer surface and cytoplasm. Glycophorin A, B, C and band 3
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intracellular to extracellular ratios of Na, K, Ca, MG
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I E
Na 5.4-7 135-145 K 98-106 3.6-5.0 Ca .0059-.019 21-26.5 Mg 3.06 .65-1.05 |
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functions of RBC membrane proteins: peripheral
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provide structural support and fluidity to RBC membrane. Spectrin, Actin, Ankyrin, band 4.1 &4.2, Band 6, Adducin
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major functions of Embden-Meyerhof pathway
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maintain adequate energy level in form of ATP, drives cation pumps that maintain RBC structure and function
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major functions of Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
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prevent injury from oxidative factors, provides reducing power to protect Hgb & RBC membrane from oxidant injury
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major function of Methemoglobin Reductase pathway
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maintain Hgb in reduced state
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Major fucntion of Rapapart-Leubering Pathway
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production of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate
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components of hemoglobin
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protein globin (2 dimers of 2 different polypeptide chains)
4 molecules of protoporpyrin IX 4 iron atoms in ferrous state that combine with protoporphyrin IX to form 4 heme molecules 1 2,3 DPG molecule as occasional resident in hemoglobin molecule |
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role of 2,3 DPG in molecule of hemoglobin
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regulates hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. needed in tissues to cause O₂to release from hemoglobin
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