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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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whats the name/order of the blood cell maturation for erythrocyte
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1. rubri--blast
2. pro--rubri--cyte 3. rubri--cyte 4. meta--rubri--cyte 5. reticulocyte 6. erythrocyte |
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what is the stages for MYELOBLAST to BASO/EOS
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1. myeloblast
2. pro-myelo-cyte 3. myelo-cyte 4. meta-myelo-cyte 5. band neutrophil 6. seg neutrophil 7. baso or eos |
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what are the stages for MONOBLAST to MACROPHAGE (tissue) (hint: 3 stages)
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1. mono-blast
2. pro-mono-cyte 3. mono-cyte (macrphage tissue) |
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what are the stages for MEGAKARYOBLAST to PLATELETS (thrombocyte) (hint 4 stages ONLY)
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1. mega-karyo-blast
2. pro-mega-karyo-cyte 3. mega-karyo-cyte 4. platelets |
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what are the stages for LYMPHOBLAST to the PLASAM CELLS/T-Cells
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1. lympho-blast
2. pro-lympho-cyte 3. lympho-cyte 4. t-cell or 5. b-cell to plasma cell |
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which growth factor is in charge of the rubri-blast maturation
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granulocyte, monocyte (GM)
colony stimulating factor (CSF) and interluekin (IL-3) erythropoietin (EPO) (GM-CSF, IL-3, EPO) |
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which growth factor is in charge of the myelo-blast maturation
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granulocyte, monocyte (GM)
colony stimulating factor (CSF) and interluekin (IL-3) (GM-CSF, IL-3) |
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which growth factor is in charge of the mono-blast maturation
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granulocyte, monocyte (GM)
colony stimulating facter (CSF) and interluekin (IL-3) (GM-CSF, IL-3) |
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which growth factor is in charge of the mega-karyo-blast maturation
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granulocyte, monocyte (GM)
colony stimulating facter (CSF) and interluekin (IL-3) thrombopoietin (TPO) (GM-CSF, IL-3, TPO) |
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which growth factor is in charge of the lypho-blast maturation
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interleukin (IL 1,2,4,6,7)
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what is the location of active marrow in adults
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skull, sternum, pelvis, ribs & vertebrae
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heme sythesis must have 2 of these to function
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1. iron
2. pro-to-por-phyrin |
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fe+ TRANSPORT protein is called
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transferrin
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major fe+ STORAGE form is called
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ferritin
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what is hemo-siderin
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hemosiderin - H20 insoluble fe+ storage form (long term)
- is an iron-storage complex (ferritin being the other). It is always found within cells (as opposed to circulating in blood) |
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excess iron will be stored in tissue & body organs is called (2)
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hemo-side-rosis or hemo-chro-ma-to-sis (organ damage esp: liver, heart & endocrine glands)
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define hemo-side-rosis
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is a form of iron overload disorder resulting in the accumulation of hemo-siderin
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what are the two conditions associated with increased storage of iron
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hemo-side-rosis (iron overload) or hemo-chro-ma-to-sis
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excessive formation of POR-PHY-RINS occurs if any emz steps in heme sythz is blocked is called
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POR-PHY-RIAS
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what happens to URINE when you have POR-PHY-RIAS an emz deficiencies that cause build up of heme precusors
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urine will be red or port wine color
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Pro-to-por-phyrin Synsthesis Precursors: hint while in the DELTA diner, POUR YOUR COP, PRONTO a cup of HEME
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1. DELTA aminolevulinic acid
2. POR-phobillinogen 3. URo-porphyrinogen 4. CO-Pro-porphyrinogen 5. PROTO-por-phyrin 6. HEME (globin + HGB) |
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Pro-to-por-phyrin Synsthesis Precursors - EARLY precursors: DELTA ala or POR-pho-bilinogen would be examples of
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neuropsychiatric symptoms - ex: acute intermittent porphyria or AIP
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Pro-to-por-phyrin Synsthesis Precursors - LATER precursors (UR, COP, PROTO) would be examples of
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cutaneou sysmptoms - ex: photosensitivity, facial hair (werewolf legend)
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in HGB O2 dissociated curve, what happens when there is a LEFT SHIFT
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1. O2 is NOT released adequately to tissue
2. DECREASE in CO2 resulting 3. INCREASE in pH 4. HGB F (high affinity HGB) 5. mx transfusion (DECREASE 2,3 DPG) |
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in HGB O2 dissociated curve, what happens when there is a RIGHT SHIFT
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1. O2 is release to tissue more EASILY
2. INCREASE in CO2 resulting 3. DECREASE in pH 4. INCREASE 2,3 DPG |
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whats the full name of EDTA and what does it do to the coag cascade
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ethy-lene-di-amine-tetra-actate - it chelates Ca++ so it is unavailable to participate in the coag cascade (basically BLOCK ca++)
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what does HEPARIN used for
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anti-thrombin agent
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what is the function of: neutrophil
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phagocytic response to bacteria
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what is the function of: monocyte
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phagocytic response to bacteria
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what is the function of: lymphocyte
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HUMORAL & CELL mediated immunity
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what is the function of: RBCs
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O2 transport to tissue and CO2 removed from tissue, cell nutrition
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what is the function of: basophils
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inflammatory response mediators (hint: INFLAME BASIL)
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what is the function of: eosinphil
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allergic response regulator (hint: E-llergic)
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what is the % range for neutrophils? and when is it increased?
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50 - 70% - bacterial infections
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what is the % range for lymphocytes? and when is it increased?
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20 - 40% - viral infections
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what is the % range for monocytes? and when is it increased?
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3 - 10% - TB, syphilis, malignancies
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what is the % range for eosinphil? and when is it increased?
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0 - 3%, allergies, PA and CML
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what is the % range for basophil? and when is it increased?
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0 - 2% - immediate HYPERSENSITIVITY, CML
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on a blood smear, you see hypersegmented neutrophils, what would you associate that with?
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pernicious anemia
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on a blood smear, you see hyposegmented neutrophils, what would you associate that with?
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Pelger-Huet anomaly, Pseudo-Pelger Huet, AIDS, AML
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on a blood smear, you see TOXIC &GRANULES, VACUOLES, what would you associate that with?
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bacterial infections, burns & CHEMOTHERAPY
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on a blood smear, you see DOHLE BODIES (RNA), what would you associate that with?
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bacterial infection, burns & MAY-HEGGLIN
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on a blood smear, you see atypical lymphs (increased size & basophilia), what would you associate that with?
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infectious mono (EBV), other VIRAL infections
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abnormal rbcs shape of ACANTHOCYTE is seen in
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abeta-lipo-protein-emia, severe LIVER disease
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abnormal rbcs shape of ECHINOCYTE "burr cells" is seen in
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uremia, artifacts (alkaline glass effect)
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abnormal rbcs shape of ELLIPTOCYTE is seen in
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hereditary elliptocytosis (>50%)
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abnormal rbcs shape of MACROOVALOCYTE is seen in
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megaloblastic anemia
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abnormal rbcs shape of HELMET (keratocyte) is seen in
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hemolytic process
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abnormal rbcs shape of SCHISTOCYTE (rbcs fragments) is seen in
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DIC and hemolytic processes
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abnormal rbcs shape of SICKLE CELL (drepanocyte) is seen in
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HGB SS
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abnormal rbcs shape of SPHEROCYTE is seen in
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hereditary spherocytosis (INCREASE MCHC, ABO & HDN and other hemolytic processes)
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abnormal rbcs shape of STOMATOCYTE (smiling face, coin slot,mouth cell) is seen in
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hereditary stomatocytosis (>50%), liver disease
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abnormal rbcs shape of TARGET CELLS (codocyte) is seen in
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liver disease, HGB C & other hemogloinopathies
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abnormal rbcs shape of TEAR DROP CELL (dacryocyte) is seen in
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EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS
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indication of: disturbed erythropoiesis, hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia & post splenctomy would have which RBC cell inclusion
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HOWELL JOLLY BODY - which is composed of DNA
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indication of: thalassemia & lead poisoning would have which RBC cell inclusion
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BASOPHILLIC STIPPLING - which is composed of RNA (which is ppt of ribosomes & mitchondira)
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indication of: sideroblastic anemia & hemoglobinopthies (severe anemia & thalassemia) would have which RBC cell inclusion
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PAPPENHEIMER BODIES/SIDEROtiC GRANULES (siderocyte) - which is composed of IRON
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indication of: G6PD defncy, thalassemia, unstabled HGB would have which RBC cell inclusion
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HEINZ BODIES - which is composed of DENATURED ppt HGB
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indication of: megaloblastic anemia would have which RBC cell inclusion
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CABOT RING - which is composed of remnant of mitotic spindle
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which stain would you use to id: howell jolly body
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wright
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which stain would you use to id: basophilic stippling
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wright, new methylene blue
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which stain would you use to id: pappenheimer bodies/siderotic granules
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wright, prussian blue
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which stain would you use to id: heniz body
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SUPERVITAL stain such as brillian cresyl blue or methylene blue NOT seen with wright stain
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which stain would you use to id: cabot ring
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wright
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which stain would you use to id: parasites
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wright
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what would be the lab results for a COLD AGGLUTNIN disease
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1. INCREASE MCV
2. INCREASE MCHC and 3. DECREASE in RBC cell count |
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osmotic fragility measures this
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rbc surface: volume ratio
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what would osmotic fragility indicate if rbc surface: volume ration was INCREASE
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increase in hereditary sperocytosis
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what would osmotic fragility indicate if rbc surface: volume ration was DECREASE
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decrease in thalassemia, target cells
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ham's acid hemolysis measures this
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complement mediated lysis
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if ham's acid hemolysis measures the complement mediated lysis - what would this indicate then
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PNH (definitive results)
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what does sucrose hemolysis (sugar water) measures
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effect of complement (activated by sucrose) on rbcs
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if sucrose hemolysis measures the effect of complement (activated by sucrose) on rbc, what would this indicate then
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PNH (screen only)
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what does the heniz body prep (supravital stain) measures
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effect of oxidizing agents on HGB
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if heniz body prep measures the effect of oxidizing agents on HGB, what would this indicate then
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g6pd, unstable hemoglobin, HGB H (formation triggered by oxidants such as anti-malarial drugs, fava beans &sulphur drugs)
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what would sickel cell screen measures
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reduced solubility of deoxygenated HGB S
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if sickel cell screen measures reduced solubility of deoxygenated HGB S, what would this indicate
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HGB S (reducing agent used: Na + Dithionate)
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what does kleihauer-betke acid elution measure
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resistance of fetal HGB to acid elution
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if kleihauer-betke acid elution measures resistance of fetal HGB to acid elution, what would this indicate
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fetal maternal hemorrhage, hereditary persistent of fetal hgb (cell with increase HGB F stain = pink, normal adult cells = ghost cells)
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what does HGB electrophoresis measures
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migration of various HGB
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if hemoglobin electrophoresis measures migration of various hemoglobin, what would this indicate
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suspected hemoglobinopathies (may be performed at various pHs)
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what would cold agglutinin screen test for
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presence of cold autoantibody
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if cold agglutinin screen test for presence of cold autoantibody, what would this indicate
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cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (IGM Ab, Anti-I specificity)
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what does donath landsteiner test for
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measures the presence of bi-phasic DL antibody relating to paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (IGG Ab, Anti-P specificity)
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this is called an increase in red cell mass caused by increased erythropoiesis, which may occur as a compensatory physiologic response to tissue hypoxia or as the principal manifestation of polycythemia vera.
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absolute polycythemia
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this is called a decrease in plasma volume without change in red blood cell mass so that the erythrocytes become more concentrated (elevated hematocrit), which may be an acute transient or a chronic condition.
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relative polycythemia
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this is called an absolute increase in the total red cell mass other than polycythemia vera, occurring as a physiologic response to tissue hypoxia.
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secondary polycythemia
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this is a chronic relative polycythemia usually affecting white, middle-aged, mildly obese males who are active, anxiety-prone, and hypertensive.
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stress polycythemia
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this is called a myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia.
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polycythemia vera
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define erythropoietin & what is it functions
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epo is a cytokine (cellular communicator) for erythrocyte precusor in the BM, it is an erythropoietine glycoprotein control erythropoiesis (rbc production)
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in a patient with hiv infections, ones should expect to see (on a blood smear)
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relative lymphocyte & granulocytopenia
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which inclusion may be see in leukocytes
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dohle bodies
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neutrophils changes associated with infection (name atleast 5)
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neutrophilia, shift to the left, toxic granulation, dohle bodies & vacuolization
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neutropenia is present in patient with which absolute neutrophil count & define what neutropenia is
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<1.5 x 10 9/L - neutropenia is defined as an asbsolute decrease in the number of circulating neutrophils
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define chediak-higashi syndrome & what morphological characteristics is it associated with (blood smear)
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giant lysosomal granules - CH is a disorder of neutrophil phagocytic dysfunction caused by DEPRESS CHEMOTAXIS & DELAYED DEGRANULATION, the degree of disturbance is attributed to interference from the giant lysosomal granules
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