Hematology

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What does the blood consists of?

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plasma-55% of blood volume
erythrocytes(RBC), leukocytes(WBC), and thrombocytes (platelets)-40-45% of blood volume
-protiens9albumin, globulin, fibrogen, clotting factors, electrolytes, hormones, antibodies, nutrients, and waste products

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plasma

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fluid portion of blood containing various protiens (albumin, globulin, fibrogen[protien converted into fibrin tp form thrombus and blood clot] and other factors necessary for clotting,also electrolytes, waste products and nutrients

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hematpoiesis

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complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells

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what does thehematologic system?

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blood, and the sites where blood is produces, including the bone marrow and reticuloendothelial system(RES)

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neutrophil

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1st line of defense essential in preventing or limiting bacterial infection via phagocytosis
"shift to the left"-the diagram of neutrophil maturation showed the myeloid stem cells on the left with a fully mature neutrophil on the far right side, a shift to the left indicates that more innature cells are present in the blood that normal

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what are the functions of the blood?

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-carries oxygen(lungs) and nutrients(GI), hormones, antibodies, others to their sites of action or use. also carries waste products to the lungs, skin, liver, and kidneys
-protection by formation of clots(thrombus) or fibrinolysis(breakdown of clot)

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WBC consists of?

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neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte

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eosinophil

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involved in allergic reactions (nuetralizes histamine); digests foreign protiens
-release enzymes in allergic reaction to decrease inflammation
-kills parasites

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fibrinolysis

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process of breakdown of fibrin clot

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WBC consists of?

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neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte

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monocyte

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enters tissue as macrophage, lighly phagoctic, especially agaionst fungus; immune surveillance
-2nd largest in the line of defense in infection fighting
-size slows them down , but they have increased numbers and strength

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basophil

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contains histamine; integral part of hypersensitivity reactions
-small and rare

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phagocytosis

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ingestion and digestion of bacteria and particles

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lymphocyte

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-small mature cells with scanty cytoplasm
production of T cells and B cells
primary function of lymphocytes is to produce substances that aid in attacking foreign material

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T cells

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produced by lymphocyte
-kills foriegn cells directly or release a variety of lymphokines, substances that enhance the activity of phagosytic cells
-responsible for delayed allergic reactions, rejection of foriegn tissue and destruction of tumor cells

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B cells

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capable of differentiating into plasma cells
-antibody mediated immuntiy

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retinculoendothelial system (RES)

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complex system of cells throughout body capable of phagocytosis
-2 areas
*liver and spleen

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The function of the liver in the RES?

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-lgest organ
-produces bile, which emulsifies fats and stimulates peristalsis
-metabolizes carbs, fats, and protiens
-synthesizes coagulation factos vII, IX, X, and prothrombin
stores A, D, B12, and iron
-excretes bilirubin
-promotes erythropoiesis when bone marrow production is insuffiecient

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the function of the spllen in the RES?

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-maitains balance between blood cell production and destruction
-hematopoiesis, if BM fails
-stores RBC's & platlets
-macrophages key in immunity
*a splenectomy= high risk for infection

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thrombocyte
aka--platelets

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are granular fragments of giant cells in the bone marrow.
-a cellular of blood involved in blood coagulation
function- hemostatis and coagulation
-produce material for clotting cascade
*intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
-lifespan is 10 days
-formed in bone marrow
-function in the coagulation of blood

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erythrocytes (RBC)

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normal cell is a biconcave disk that resembles a soft ball compressed between 2 fingers
-thin membrane so o2 and psa02 can easily diffuse across it
-lifespan=120 days
-mature cells
*95% hemoglobin
*contains iron
*primary function
-transport o2, heme accepts/releases o2, venous cells- accepts/releaes h+

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hemoglobin

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iron-containing protien RBCs; delivers oxygen to tissues

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reticulocytes

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immature RBC
-released when more RBC are needed

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mature RBC

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*95% hemoglobin
*contains iron
*primary function
-transport o2
-hemoglobin accepts/releases o2,
-venous cells accepts/releaes h+

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oxyhemoglobin

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combined form of oxygen and hemoglobin; found in arterial blood

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erythropoiesis

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erythrocyte production

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erythroprotien

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a hormone produced primarily by the kidney; necessary for erythropoiesis

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anemia

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decreased RBC count

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nucleated RBC

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immature RBC; portion of nuclues remaines within the red cell; not normally seen in circulatng blood

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stem cells

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primitive cells, capable of self-replication and differentiation(different function and character of parent cell) into myeloid or lymphoid stem cell

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blast cells

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primitive WBC

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myelopoiesis

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formation and maturation of cells derived from myeloid stem cell

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cytokines

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hormones produced by leukolytes that are vital to regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and immune responses

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histiocytes

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cells present in all loose connective tissue, capable of phagocytosis; part of the RES

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hematocrit

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% of blood volume consisting of erythrocytes