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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 4 interacting factors of Hemostasis and what are their functions?
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1. Blood vessles: reduce blood flow
2. Platelets: adhere and form aggregates and contribute to coagulation process 3. Blood coagulation factors: form fibrin clot 4. Fibrinolysis: break down clot when healing is complete |
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What are the 4 types of bleeding patterns and their descriptions?
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1. Petechia: pinpoint bleeding usually reflecting a lack of platelets
2. Ecchymosis: damage deep to tissue and bleeding comes to the surface 3. Purpura: deep bruise from venous or arterial leaking 4. Joint bleeding: blood seeps into the joints because the clotting factors are gone |
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What is the blood circulation cycle
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Heart -> artery -> capillary -> vein
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What are the 3 layers of arterial tissue and what is comprised of each?
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1. Tunica Externa: connective tissue containing collagen
2. Tunica Media: external elastic membrane and smooth muscle 3. Tunica Interna: internal elastic membrane, basement membrane and endothelium |
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What are the 3 layers of venous tissue and what is comprised of each?
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1. Tunica Externa: connective tissue containing collagen
2. Tunica Media: smooth muscle 3. Tunica Interna: basement membrane and endothelium |
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What are the 2 tissue layers of capillaries?
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basement membrane and endothelium
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4 Functions of Blood vessels
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1. vasoconstriction
2. diverts blood flow 3. initiation of contact-activation of platelets to adhere with subsequent aggregation 3. contact-activation of extrinsic and intrinsic blood coagulation pathways leading to the formation of fibrin |
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How do you evaluate vascular function and what does this actually tell you?
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Tourniquet test (capillary fragility or Rumpel-leeds test) function of how strong the BP is over time
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What are 4 acquired vascular defects?
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1. Autoimmune purpura
2. purpura associated with infections 3. scurvy 4. senile purpura |
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What is a congenital vascular defect and what are it's characteristics?
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hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: autosomal dominant and nodular lesions on mucous membranes of skin and mouth
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What stem cell precursors produce platelets? what stimulates their production? Where?
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From a myeloid stem cell
thrombopotetin in the bone marrow |
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What are the 4 stages of development for platelets synthesis?
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1. megakaryoblast
2. promegakaryocyte 3. megakaryocyte 4. metamegakaryocyte |
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How many platelets can be made from 1 megakaryocyte?
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2000-4000
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How long does development from a megakaryoblast to a megakaryocyte take? where?
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4-5 days in the bone marrow
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Normal Platelet count
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130,000 to 400,000/ μL
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What is the platelet turnover?
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35,000/μL/day
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what is the distribution of platelets throughout the body?
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1/3 in the spleen and 2/3 in circulation
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what is the blood span of a normal platelet?
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7-10 days
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What are the possible ways that platelets are removed from the body?
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removal by reticuloendothelial system in the spleen or use in clots
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normal platelet size?
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2-4 μm
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What is in the hyalomere?
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peripheral zone and cytoskeleton zone
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what is in the granulomere?
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organelle zone
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What is found in the peripheral zone?
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exterior coat (glycocalyx) and
open calalicular system |
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What is found inthe Cytoskeleton zone?
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microfilaments and microtubules
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What is found in the organelle zone?
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Mitochondria, Glycogen, Alpha granules, Dense bodies, Lysosomes, and Dense Tubular System
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What makes up the glycocalyx?
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ABO antigens, human leukocyte antigen, and glycoproteins Ib, IIb, IIIa
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What makes up the alpha granules?
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beta-thromoglobulin, platelet factor 4, platelet-derived growth factor, thrombospondin
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What makes up the dense bodies?
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ADP, ATP, calcium, serotonin
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What makes up lysosomes?
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bacteriocidal enzymes, neutral proteases, and acid hydrolases
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What are the 4 functions of platelets?
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1. platelet plug formation
2. contributions to coagulation (PF) 3. Transport of substances such as serotonin (vasoconstrictor) 4. phagocytosis |
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What is the platelet turnover?
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35,000/μL/day
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what is the distribution of platelets throughout the body?
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1/3 in the spleen and 2/3 in circulation
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what is the blood span of a normal platelet?
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7-10 days
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What are the possible ways that platelets are removed from the body?
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removal by reticuloendothelial system in the spleen or use in clots
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normal platelet size?
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2-4 μm
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What is in the hyalomere?
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peripheral zone and cytoskeleton zone
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what is in the granulomere?
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organelle zone
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What is found in the peripheral zone?
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exterior coat (glycocalyx) and
open calalicular system |
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What is found inthe Cytoskeleton zone?
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microfilaments and microtubules
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What is found in the organelle zone?
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Mitochondria, Glycogen, Alpha granules, Dense bodies, Lysosomes, and Dense Tubular System
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What makes up the glycocalyx?
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ABO antigens, human leukocyte antigen, and glycoproteins Ib, IIb, IIIa
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What makes up the alpha granules?
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beta-thromoglobulin, platelet factor 4, platelet-derived growth factor, thrombospondin
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What makes up the dense bodies?
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ADP, ATP, calcium, serotonin
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What makes up lysosomes?
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bacteriocidal enzymes, neutral proteases, and acid hydrolases
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What are the 4 functions of platelets?
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1. platelet plug formation
2. contributions to coagulation (PF) 3. Transport of substances such as serotonin (vasoconstrictor) 4. phagocytosis |
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PF-1
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coagulation factor V
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PF-2
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thromboplastin-like material
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PF-3
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platelet thromboplastin
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PF-4
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anti-heparin factor
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PF-5
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fibrinogen coagulant factor
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PF-6
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antifibtolytic factor
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PF-7
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platelet cothromboplastin
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What substances on the platelet surface are necessary for adherence?
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von Willebrand's factor (produced my endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, carrier factor VIII in plasma)
Glycoprotein Ib (in glycocalyx) |
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What substances are necessary for platelet aggregation?
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platelet surface glycoproteins IIb and IIIa (in the glycocalyx), ADP and calcium in granules, Fibrinogen, Thrombohexane A2
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What 3 laboratory tests are used to evaluate platelets?
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1. Platelet count
2. Ivy Bleeding time 3. Platelet Aggregation Test |
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What is a normal Ivy Bleeding time and what can increase this?
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2.5-9.5 minutes
increased in thrombocytopenia, inherited platelet dysfunction, aspirin administration |
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List and explain the 2 portions of the platelet aggregation test and
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1. primary wave: platelets adhere in the presence of ADP, epinephrine, ristocetin
2. secondary wave: platelets have been stimulated to the above substances in their organelles |
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What are the 2 types of qantitative and 2 qualitative platelet defects?
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nt1: thrombocytopenia
nt2: thrombocytosis al1: acquired al2: congenital |
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what are the 4 characteristics of thrombocytopenia?
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1. decreased production
2. ineffective thrombopoiesis 3. abnormal distribution of platelets 4. increased destruction |
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What are 3 things which are responsible for increased platelet destruction?
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1. drug-induced
2. idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura 3. thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura |
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What are the characteristics of thrombocytosis?
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essential thrombocytosis/thrombocytopenia (myeloproliferative disorder, platelet counts above 1 million, high tendency to clot)
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What are the characteristics of acquired platelet defect?
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associated with renal disease, liver disease, drug therapy causing the inhibition of production of thrombohexane A2
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What are the 3 congenital platelet defects and their characteristics?
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1. von Willebrand's disease, decrease in vWF, affects platelet adhesion
2. Bernard-Soulier syndrome, decrease in glycoprotein Ib 3. Glanzmann's thrombathenia, decrease in glycoproteins IIb and IIIa |
