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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe reasons for ordering a CBC
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The CBC is a very common test. Many patients will have baseline CBC tests to help determine their general health status.If a patient is having symptoms such as fatigue or weakness or has an infection, inflammation, bruising, or bleeding, then the doctor may order a CBC to help diagnose the cause.
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What does a CBC consist of, or determine.
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Number. Variety. Percentage.
Concentration and quality of blood. |
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Describe the components of CBC
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White blood count. Differential white cell count. Hematocrit. Hemoglobin. Red blood cell indices. Platelet count
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WBC. What are granulocytes.
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Neutrophils, Basophils and Eosinophils
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What is another name for Granulocytes
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Polymorphonuclear leukpcytes
because they contain multilobed nucleus |
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what is a leukocyte
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a White Blood Cell
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What is the life span of a leukocytes and where are they destroyed.
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Varies from 13-20 days and are destroyed in the lymphatic system. Excreted in fecal matter. Yummy!
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What is Leukocytosis
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WBC above 11,000/mm3. Usually from one WBC.
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What factors affect Leukocytosis
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the severity of infection, patients resistance, patients age, marrow efficiency and reserve.
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What are other causes of Leukocytosis
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Leukemia. Trauma/tissue injury. Maliognant neoplasm, toxin, uremia, coma, eclampsia, acute hemolysis,acute hemorrage, steroid therapy, and Dr. M's lectures
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What is Leukopenia
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A decrease in WBC < 4000
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what causes Leukopenia
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Viral infection, overwhelming bacterial infection and bone marrow depression.
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What is a Differential White Blood Cell count.
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The total leukocyte count of the circulating WBC is differentiated from the 5 types of Leukocytes.
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In Differential WBC count what does elevated NEUTROPHILS indicate
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Bacterial infection
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In Differential WBC count what does elevated EOSINOPHILS indicate
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Allergic infection & Parasitic infections.
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In Differential WBC count what does elevated BASOPHILS indicate
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Parasitic infections and some allergic disorders
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In Differential WBC count what does elevated LYMPHOCYTES indicate
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Viral infection
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In Differential WBC count what does elevated MONOCYTES indicate
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Several infections by phagocytosis
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What is the most numerous type of WBC, how many are there?
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Segmented (polymorphonuclear) Neutrophils.
50-60% of total leukocytes count |
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What are immature Segmented Neutophils called and why.
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Stabs or bands. Because their neucleus is shaped in stab or bands. Mature cell is segmented and lobed
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What is Neutrophilia.
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Increased number and % of neutrophils >8000/mm3
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What is considered the "first line of defense" and why?
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Segmented Neutrophils
First reaction to inflammation, and primary defense against microbial invasion by PHAGOCYTOSIS |
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Causes of Neutrophilia
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Acute, localized and general becterial infection. Inflammation, Poisoning, Acute hemorrhage, tissue necrosis
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What is the ratio of Segmented Neutrophils/band ratio
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Normally 1%--3% are band form
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Seriously, what the heck does the term "Shift to the Left" mean outside of cowboy line dancing.
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."Shift to the Left" means that the immature Neutophil bands or stabs have increased, indicating an infection in progress.
The "shift to the left" indicates the increased presence of these less mature forms relative to their mature ones |
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What does "Shift to the Right" mean
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Higher levels of mature Neutophils in blood.
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What is Degenerative Shift to Left
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(NEUTROPHILS)Overwhelming infections where their is an increased Band form with no Leukocytosis *NOT GOOD
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What is Regenerative Shift to Right
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(NEUTROPHILS)
Increased band forms with Leukocytosis in a bacterial infection **GOOD |
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Where can a Shift To The Right Occur
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(NEUTROPHILS)
In liver disease, megaloblastic anemia, hemolysis, drugs, cancer and allergies |
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What are the causes of Neutrophilia
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Stress, Excitement, Excercise
-Labor & Delivery, Steroids, Exposure to cold/Heat -Age, (children respond better,elderly very little) |
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Eosinophils make up____% of leukocytes. What do they respond to?
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1%----4%
Allergies and parasites |
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What is Eosinophilia
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Greater than 5% of Leukocytes
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Where does Eosinophilia occur?
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Allergies, Asthma, Parasitic disease, Addison disease,
** Chronic Skin Diseases** Tumors |
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What is Eosinopenia
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Guess.
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What causes Eosinopenia
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Cushing Syndrome-Certin Drugs- Infections with Neutrophilia-Burns,Lupus, electroshock
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When is Eosinophils highest and lowest?
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Lowest in mornings. Raises from noon-after midnight
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Basophils make up____% of Total Leukocytes. What do they respond to?
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0.5%-----1.0%
they respond to inflamation and allergies |
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What are Basophils considered and what do they contain?
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Phagocytic.
they contain HEPRIN, HISTAMINES & SEROTONIN |
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What causes Basophilia?
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Granulocystic leukemia- inflammation, allergies,sinusitis, endocrine problems
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What causes Basopenia
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Acute phase of infections-Hyperthyroidism- Stress(PA school) Prolonged steroid therapy.
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WBC. What are Agranulocytes.
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Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
They do not contain granules in cytoplasm and have nonlobar nuclei |
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What are the largest WBC in blood
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MONOCYTES
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Which WBC is considered "Second line of defense" to infections
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Monocytes
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What do Monocytes do?
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SCAVANGERS.
Remove injured and dead cells microorganism and particles from circulating blood |
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Which Actor played Jim in Mel Brooks1974 "Blazzing Saddles"
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If you dont know this
SHAME ON YOU!!! |
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What antiviral agent do Monocytes have?
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Interferon
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What causes Monocytosis
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-Monocytic leukemia
-Myeloma -Hodgkin disease -TB -Collagen Disease -Recovery from acute infection |
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What decreases monocyte counts?
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**PREDNISONE treatment**
Rheumatoid Arthritis AIDS AIDS AIDS |
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Lymphocytes make up ____% of total Leukocyte count?
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20%------------40%
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What are small mobile cells that migrate to areas of inflammation?
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Agranulocytes
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Which cells are a source of immunoglobin and cellular immune responce?
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Lymphocytes
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Where are Lymphocytes manufactured?
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Manufactured In China.
or else in Bone Marrow. |
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LYMPHOCYTES
Where do B cells mature? |
Bone marrow
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LYMPHOCYTES
Where do T cells mature? |
Thymus
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What do B cells do?
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Control antigen-antibody responce and Memory
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What are T cells?
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Master immune cells
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What are other form of T cells?
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T4 helper cells, Killer cells, Cytotoxic cells and suppressor T8
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What are the causes of Lymphocytosis
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-Lymphatic leukemia
-Viral diseases -TB. -Hypothyroidism -Hypoadrenalism |
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What causes Lymphopenia?
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Chemotherapy
Steroids Renal Failure AIDS Advanced TB |
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What are the main functions of a RBC?
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Carry O2 from lungs to body tissue and transfer CO2 from tissue to lungs.
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What does RBC count test determine?
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Anemia or polycythemia
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What causes decreased RBC count?
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-Anemia:
production,destruction,blood loss,Iron deficiency -Leukemia. -Lupus. -Subacute fever. |
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What increases RBC count?
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-Increased bone marrow production
-Renal disease. think why! -High altitude -Pulmonary disease -Cardiovascular diease -TABACCO -Dehydration |
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How would taking blood sample on patient laying down affect RBC count?
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Blood count lower than normal
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What are the Normal Values for Hematocrit HCT?
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Adult male=42%---52%
Female =36%----48% |
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What does HCT test for?
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Test for red blood cell mass.
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What does HCT determine in a patient?
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Anemia Polycythemia
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What does an indication of decreased hematocrit values mean?
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ANEMIA
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What are the HCT values for modernate to severe Anemia?
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30 or less.
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If a patient has iron-deficiency anemia with small red cells what would an HCT test show?
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a decrease in HCT because the microcytic cells would pack to a smaller volume.
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What causes increased Hematocrit?
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Polycythemia and sever dehydration.
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What factor interfers with increased hematocrit?
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high elevation. Also age
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What are Hemoglobin (Hb)?
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serves as the vehicle for the transportation of O2.
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What are Hb composed of?
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Amino acid that forms a single protein called GLOBIN and a compound called HEME which is iron man
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What are three things that should be looked at in decreased Hb in Anemia?
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erythocyte count and Hematocrit count.
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What causes decreased levels of Hb?
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Hyperthyroidism
Cirrhosis Severe hemorrage |
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What causes increased hemoglobin?
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Polycythemia
severe burns COPD CHF Polycythemia vera |
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TRIVIA**
what percent of the body energy does the human brain use? |
20%
infants and alan use 60% |
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TRIVIA***
Who is Kaiser soze |
.....the world may never know.
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What does red blood cell indices, indicate?
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define the size and hemoglobin content of RBC
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What three test are used in the RBC indices?
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MCV- mean corpuscular volume
MCHC- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCH- mean corpuscular hemoglobin RDW- red cell size distribution |
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RBC indices are used in differentiating what disease?
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Anemia
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What does MCV stand for?
what does it test? |
Mean Corpuscular Volume.
Expresses the volume occupied by a single red blood cell |
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What else does MCV indicate?
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whether the RBC appear normal, small, or large.
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In an MCV test, what is another name for normal RBC?
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Normocytic
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In an MCV test, what is another name for smaller RBC?
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Microcytic
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In an MCV test what is another name for large RBC?
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Macrocytic
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What does MCHC stand for?
what does it test? |
Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
Measures the average concentration of hemoglobin in RBC |
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Why is MCHC a valuable test for monitoring Anemia therapy?
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Because to determine this one must use hemoglobin and hematocrit to calculate?
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What does MCH stand for?
What does it test? |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
measures average weight of hemoglobin per RBC |
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What valuable test does MCH test for?
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Severe Anemia
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An increase MCH is associated with________Anemia?
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Macrocytic
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A decrease of MCH is associated with _____ Anemia?
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Microcytic
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What does RDW stand for?
what does it test? |
Indication of the degree of anisocytosis (abnormal variation in size of RBC
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A normal RBC tested with RDW would indicate what what?
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Normal RBC have a slight variation in size
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RDW is helful in distinguishing with two anemias?
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Chronic disease
(low norm MCV,norm RDW) VS. Early Iron Deficiency. ( low norm MCV, elevated RDW) |
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What are Schistocytes also called and what are they?
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Helmet cells.
**think (Shit) Schisto---cytes* Irregular contracted and fragmented cells. |
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In which diseases are Schistocytes seen?
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Vasculitis, Artificali heart valve, disseminated intravascular coagulation, toxin
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What are Poikilocytes?
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Adbnormal variation in cell shape caused by any severe anemia
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What are Spheroctes?
What are the causes? |
Spherical cells without pale centers often small.
Heredity and hemolytic anemia |
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What are Howell-Jolly bodies?
Where are they seen? |
Spherical purple bodies (wrights) within or on the RBC.
Seen in Postspleenectomy, sickle cell anemia, Hemolytic anemia |
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What are Heinz bodies?
Where are they seen |
Small round inclusions of denatured hemoglobin
Seen in congenital hemolytic anemia |
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What are Hypochromic RBC?
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RBC's Lacking color due to lack of iron.
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What is a Reticulocyte?
What color do they stain? |
Young immature RBC that contain reticular material
Stains Gray-Blue |
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How many reticulocytes are normally circulating?
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small amount!
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What does an increased retic count indicate?
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an increased RBC production in bone marrow
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What does a decreased retic count indicate?
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bone marrow not producing enough RBC
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What is Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (Sed rate)?
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Rate at which RBC settle out of anticoagulated blood in 1 hour.
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What is Sed rate testing based on?
(this is a hard one!!!) |
Inflammation and necrotic processes cause an alteration in blood proteins, resulting in an aggregation of red cells which make them heavier and more likely to fall rapidly when placed in special verticle tube test.
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What does Sed Rate do and not do as a test?
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Not diagnostic of any disease.
indicates that a disease process is ongoing and needs investigation |
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What are Platelets?
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Smallest formed elements in blood
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What vital role do Plateles have?
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vital part in coagulation, vascular integrity and vasoconstriction
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What is a platelet count useful in?
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evaluating bleeding disorder, thrombocytopenia and anticoagulation therapy, Bone marrow failure
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What should we expect when a patient has increased platelet?
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MALIGNANCY!
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What does a decrease in platelets lead to?
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Spontaneous bleeding, prolonged bleeding time, petchiae and ecchymosis
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When do platelet count increase?
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high altitudes,strenuous exercise and if in chicago during oct -feb
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