Hematologic, Lymphatic And Immune Systems

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function of blood

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supplies body tissues with oxygen, nutrients, and various chemicals. blood transports waste products to various organs for removal from the body

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blood is composed of

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55% liquid plasma

45% formed elements/ cellular materials( red, white blood cells etc..)

Hint 2

55%

45%

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blood is formed in

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bone marrow

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medical term for formation of blood is

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hematopoiesis

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poiesis = formation

hemat/o = blood

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anticoagulant is

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substance that prevents blood clotting

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heparin and EDTA types of anticoagulant

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when is coagulation of blood desired

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sometimes desired after placed in a collecting tube become when blood coagulates it creates a layer leukocytes and thrombocytes

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what is the layer of leukocytes and thrombocytes called ( when coagulating blood )

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buffy coat

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liquid portion of blood consist of:

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serum : liquid portion of blood with clotting proteins removed

plasma: straw-color ( yellow) fluid portion of the blood that transports nutrients, hormones and waste products. also has clotting proteins in it

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clotting proteins found in plasma are:

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fibrinogen :fibrin/o means fibrin, threads of clots

prothrombin : pro- means before and thromb/o means clot

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2 fats ( lipids) that circulate in blood are

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cholesterol

triglyceride

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erythrocyte is

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a mature red blood cell abbreviated RBC. contains Hemoglobin( blood protein that transports oxygen) and is produced in the bone marrow

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enrythr/o = red

cyte= cell

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a reticulocyte is

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immature, non-nucleated erythrocyte

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when RBC are no longer useful they are destroyed by

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macrophage , large cells that destroys by eating

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macr/o means large

phage = eating

phagocyte is a cell that eats

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what is the study of blood and cells called

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hematology = blood

morphology = study of formation of cells

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leukocytes functions is, and produces where

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abbreviated WBC , produced in the bone marrow ( and other places) main function is fighting disease in the body

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leuk/o means white

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2 terms for production of white blood cells

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leukocytopoiesis

leukopoiesis

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granulocyte and angranulocyte is

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granulocyte: a cell that contains prominent grain like structures in its cytoplasm

angranulocyte: cell that does not contain grain-like structures in its cytoplasm

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some cells described as basophilic :

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stained readily with basic, or blue, commonly used stains seen through microscope

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celles described as Eosinophilic

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stained readily with acidic pink, stains used commonly in giemsa H&E and Wright's

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thrombocyte and platelet is

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thrombocyte:nucleated clotting cell

platelet : anucleated clotted cell

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megakaryocyte is

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large nucleated cell found in teh bone marrow from whre platelets are formed.

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function of the lymphatic system

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part of the immune system.

returns excess lymph to the blood

absorbs fats

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difference in combining forms

lymph/o and lymphoid

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lymph/o = lymph fluid or vessels or lymph nodes

lymphoid = pertaining to lymph or tissue of the lymphatic system

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what are the 7 structures of the lymphatic system

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-lymph vessels

-lymph nodes

-lymph fluid

-tonsils

-spleen

-thymus

-lymphocytes

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lymph fluid / interstitial fluid is

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clear,colorless tissue that flows through spaces between the cells of a tissue or organ.

brings nutrients and hormones to cells and carries waste productsfrom tissue back to the bloodstream

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lymph vessels is

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lymph is carried from lymph capillaries to lymphatic vessels. They are vein-like valves that always travel towards the thoracic cavity .Lymph ducts can spread infection, cancer and other diseases

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cisterna chyli is

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origin of the thoracic duct and saclike structure for the lymph collection

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lymph nodes are

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small bean shape structures that filter lymph ans store B and T lymphocytes. function of lymph nodes is to filter lymph to remove harmful substances ( bacteria and viruses )

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because cells are destroyed in the lymph nodes sign of swollen lymph nodes is a sign of disease

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tonsils is

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masses of lymphatic tissue that protect the nose and upper throat

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tonsils are describes according to their location ( lingual tonsils= tongue, palatine tonsils = near palate or roof of mouth, pharyngeal tonsils =near the throat)

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spleen is

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mass of lymphatic tissue located in the cranial abdomen . filters foreign materials from the blood, stores red blood cells,maintains appropriate balance of cells and plasma in the blood

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thymus is

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has an immunologic function and often found in young animals. function is developement of the T cells.

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some lymphocytes formed in bone marrow migrate to the thymus where they multiply and mature into T cells

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macrophage

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macrophage: phagocytic cell that protects body by eating invading cells.

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monocytes:

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type of leukocyte formed in the bone marrow and migrate to tissues to becomes macrophages .

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lymphocyte :

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white blood cells that attacks specific antigens

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Histiocytes are

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large macrophages found in loose connective tissue

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T lymphocytes are

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small circulating lymphocytes produced in bone marrow . mature in the thymus and main function is coordinating immune defenses and kill organisms on contact

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called T cells

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Helper T cells

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secret substances such as Lymphokines that stimulate the production of B lymphocytes

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Sppressor T cells

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stops B lymphocyte activity when this activity is no longer needed.

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memory T cell

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remember specific antigent and stimulate a faster and more intense response if that same antigent is present in the body.

Hint 39

immune response with antigents

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B lymphocytes

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produced and mature in bone marrow. responsible for anti-bodies . each B lymphocyte makes its own specific antibody against a specific antigen. in presence of the antigen they transform into plasma cells

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plasma cell

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immune cell that produces and secretes a specific antibody for a specific antigen

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also called plasmocytes

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immunoglobulin

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antibodies made by plasma cells.abbreviated IG

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complement

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series of enzymatic proteins that occur in normal serum. aid phagocytes in destroying antigens

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Immunology is

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the study of the immune system ( function to protect the body from harmful substances )

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immun/o

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difference between antigen and antibody

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antigen : substance that the body regards as foreign ( virus, bacteria etc..)

antibody : disease-fighting protein produced by the body in response to the presence of an antigen

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one is harmful the other protects

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how does the immune system for the respiratory system work on foreign substances inhaled

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materials breathed in are trapped in the cilia of the nares and moist mucus membrane. Mucus continually flushes away trapped debris while coughing and sneezing also removes materials

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how does the immune system for the digestive system work if invading organism is swallowed

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the acidic nature of the stomac kills invading organisms

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activation of the immune system is outlined such as :

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1- once organism invaded- macrophages eat away invading organisms and presents the antigens to its surface and then T cells are activated.

2- Helper T cells multiply, complement goes to affected area. B cells multiply and transform into plasma cells that produce antibody

3- complement proteins disintegrate into affected area and antibodies bind to organism

4- if infection is contained suppressor T cells stop the immune response. B cells remain ready.

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definition of immunity

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the state of being resistant to a specific disease.

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4 types of immunity :

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natural passive : occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal into the fetal bloodstream.

natural active: resistance to a specific disease after the development of antibodies during the actual disease

artificial passive: resistance to a specific disease by receiving antiserum-containing antibodies from another host.

artificial active: resistance to a specific disease through vaccination