Hematic System

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blood (hematic system)

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provides oxygen to the body and helps protect the body from pathogens

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lymphatic sytem

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filters bacteria, transports fluid, and regulates blood cells

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immune system

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defends the body against viruses, parasites, bacteria, and fungi

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cardiovascular system

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responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen to the body

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hematic system

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refers to the composition, formation, and transportation of blood, as well as blood's functions within the body.

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plasma

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the basic foundation of blood, chiefly made of water, but it also contains other particles

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categories of blood cells

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red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets

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categories of white blood cells

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granulocytes and agranulocytes

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red blood cells (RBCs)

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also referred to as erythrocytes, gives blood its dark red color. chief function is to deliver oxygen to the body and remove waste products.

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Medical Specialty of Hematic system

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hematology

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structure of hematic system

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plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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function of hematic system

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provides oxygen to the body; protects the body against pathogens

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medical specialty of lymphatic system

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immunology

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structure of lymphatic system

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lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils

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function of lymphatic system

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protects the body from diseases and pathogens

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medical specialty of cardiovascular system

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cardiology

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structure of cardiovascular system

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heart, arteries, veins

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function of cardiovascular system

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transports nutrients to the body. pumps blood through the entire body

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hemoglobin

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a complex protein designed to bind and release oxyen

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oxyhemoglobin

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when hemoglobin binds with oxygen

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erythropoiesis

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process in which bone marrow generates red blood cells

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white blood cells

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leukocytes, don't carry oxygen or carbon dioxide; rather, they're a diverse group of cells that perform several different functions.

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types of white blood cells

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lymphocyte, basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte

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granulocytes

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cells with granular appearance under the microscope

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agranulocytes

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cells without granular appearance

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granulocytes

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come from bone marrow

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granulocytes further divided into

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neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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neutrophils

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respond to bacterial infections, such as pheumonia or urinary tract infections, by engulfing the bacteria

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phagocytosis

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the process by which neutrophils engulfs bacteria when responding to a bacterial infection

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eosinophilis

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type of granulocyte involved in allergic reactions, concentration may be elevated after allergic reactions to food or drugs. also help fight infections by certain parasites and microorganisms

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basophils

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involved in the process of inflammation.

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diaphedesis

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wbc can migrate from the blood vessels and into the tissues with this process

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moncytes

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are unique because after they reach the tissues, they transform into macrophages

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platelets

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also known as thrombocytes because they are involved in the first step of thrombosis, or blood clootting.

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platelet plug

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when skin is cut blood wells up in the cut because the small blood vessels have been damaged. platelets stick to the damaged edges of the blood vessel and also to each other.

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plasma

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55 percent of blood volume is plasma, of that plasma 92 percent is water, plasma is a straw colored fluid when separated from the formed elements. also consists of proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, enzymes, ad waste products of metabolism

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three important proteins in plasma

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fibrinogen, albumin, and globulin

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fibrinogen

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a blood-clotting protein made in the liver

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albumin

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is made in the liver, and is the most plentiful protein in plasma. it maintains the pressure needed to pull water from tissues back into blood vessels.

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globulin

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formed both in the liver and the lymphatic system. it can be found as two different forms in plasma.

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gamma globulin

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helps forms antibodies, and prothrombin helps helps blood coagulation

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coagulation

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blood clotting, is complex and still not entirely understood. process depends on thrombocytes (platelets)

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thromboplastin

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an enzyme that works with calcium and other factors to convert prothrombin in the plasma into thrombin, when tissue is injured, platelets and the injured tissue release this.

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thrombin

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acts as an enzyme to convert the fibrinogen in the plasma into fibrin, which forms a mesh over the area and traps red blood cells, platelets, and plasma to form a clot.

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procoaulant

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a drug or substance that promotes coagulation

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anticoagulant

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a substance that inhibits coagulation

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blood type

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defined by genetic markers and depends on a blood protein called agglutinogen, or antigen, on the surface of the red blood cell.

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four blood types

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A, B, AB, and O

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two types of antigen

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A and B

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anemia

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defined as low blood cell or hemoglobin concentration, can be caused by blood loss, destruction of red blood cells, or inadequate production of blood cells

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aplastic anemia

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caused by a condition of the bone marrow known as aplasia. the bone marrow cells fail to develop. the patient won't produce enough leukocytes to help fight infections or enough platelets to help clot blood.

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hemolytic anemia

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caused by the body's premature and excessive hemolysis, the destruction of old RBSc. excessive destruction of RBCs releases too much of the bile pigment bilirubin for the liver to handle. jaundice, the yellowing of the skin, is a sign.

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sickle cell anemia

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important form of hemolytic anemia. symptoms are fever, jaundice of the sclera (white of eye) and pain in the limbs and abdomen. the blood is abnormally viscous (sticky or gummy), and erythrocytes are sickle-shaped. cerebral clots may form, leading to headaches and convulsions

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spheroidal anemia

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another form of hemolytic anemia, hemoglobin in each RBC. the name comes from the lighter-than-normal color of cells, can be hereditary or related to iron deficiency

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nutritional anemia

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deficiency anemia, caused by diet.

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pernicious anemia

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caused by the absence of intrinsic factor in gastric juice. intrinsic factor allows absorption of the extrinsic factor vitamin b12 which is necessary for the maturation of RBCs. thus resulting in low RBC count and low hematocrit level, the ratio of RBCs in whole blood

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thalassemia

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caused by defect in production of hemoglobin. this is a genetic condition found mostly in persons of mediterranean descent

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polycythemia

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can be thought of a the opposite of anemia. there are too many blood cells in the blood vessels, resulting in thick, viscous blood.

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secondary polycythemia

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results from the body's attempt to compensate for inadequate oxygen supply, as with respiratory or cardiovascular disease.

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erythrocytosis

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the mechanism by which the body increases the RBC count to supply extra oxygen because of regular athletic training or living at an elevated altitude.

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thrombocytopenia

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an abnormally low level of platelets in the blood.

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idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

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the patient's own antibodies destroy blood platelets. spontaneous hemorrhages will appear in the skin, mucous membranes of the mouth, and internal organs

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leukemia

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a disorder in which the bone marrow produces an extreme abundance of white blood cells. leukemia is a cancerous condition because the production of white blood cells goes unchecked and continues at the expense of other blood cells.

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acute

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sudden onset

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chronic

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gradual development

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remission

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a period in which the signs of disease are absent

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hemophilia

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lies on the opposite end of the spectrum of coagulation disorders. genetically inherited disease in which the body lacks certain factors necessary for making blood clots.

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septicemia

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infection in the blood. a local infection, such a pneumonia, can spread to the bloodstream, causing septicemia. this condition is diagnosed by demonstrating growth of bacteria in blood samples from the patient.

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erythroblastosis fetalis

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hemolytic disease of the newborn, develops when an Rh-positive father and an Rh-negative mother create an Rh- positive fetus. After first delivery of an Rh-positive child, the mother and child's bloods mix and the mother produces antibodies to fight the incompatible RBC, being dangerous for future children.

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blood clotting tests

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bleeding time, coagulation time, and prothrombin time

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CBC

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complete blood count

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assay

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series of tests

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CBC test

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hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC, and differential white blood cell count

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hemoglobin count

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measures the concentration of the protein hemoglobin in the blood. a low level of hemoglobin indicates anemia

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hematocrit

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PCV - packed cell volume, a measurement of the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume

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red blood cell count and white blood cell count

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show how many of each of those cells is in a cubic millimeter of a person's blood

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elevated white blood cell count

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indicates infection, inflammation, or leukemia (cancerous disorder of the white blood cells)

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AIDS

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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, have dangerously low white blood cell count because the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks white blood cells.

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differential white blood cell count

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shows the ratio of the five leukocyte types within the white blood cells.

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cholesterol level

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correlated to the risk of having heart disease or stroke.

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sedimentation rate

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sometimes called the erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR, a rough measurement of the amount of antibodies in the blood stream. a high sedimentation rate indicates increased antibodies, which suggests an inflammatory disorder.