Hematapoitic Definitions

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aconitase

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Enzyme, a nonheme iron protein, named for the cis-aconitate formed as an intermediate in the dehydration and rehydration reaction. Also called aconitate hydratase.

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acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

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Acute leukemia of the myelogenous type, one of the two major categories of acute leukemia; most types affect primarily middle-aged to elderly people. Symptoms include anemia, fatigue, weight loss, easy bruising, thrombocytopenia, and granulocytopenia that leads to persistent bacterial infections. Several types are distinguished, named according to the stage in which abnormal proliferation begins.

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agranulocytosis

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Any condition involving greatly decreased numbers of granulocytes; see also leukopenia, neutropenia, and granulocytopenia. More specifically, a symptom complex characterized by marked decrease in the number of circulating granulocytes; severe neutropenia results in lesions of the throat, other mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, and skin; in most cases it is caused by sensitization to drugs, chemicals, or radiation affecting the bone marrow and depressing granulopoiesis. Called also malignant or pernicious leukopenia and Schultz syndrome.

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anemia

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A reduction below normal in the concentration of erythrocytes or hemoglobin in the blood, measured per cu mm or by volume of packed red cells per 100 mL of blood; it occurs when the equilibrium is disturbed between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production.

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aplastic anemia

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Any of a diverse group of anemias characterized by bone marrow failure with reduction of hematopoietic cells and their replacement by fat, resulting in pancytopenia, often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. It may be hereditary; it may be secondary to causes such as toxic, radiant, or immunologic injury to bone marrow stem cells or their microenvironment; it may be associated with various diseases; or it may be idiopathic.

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ataxia

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Failure of muscular coordination; irregularity of muscular action.

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β-thalassemia

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Condition caused by diminished synthesis of beta chains of hemoglobin. The homozygous form is known as t. major and the heterozygous form is known as t. minor.

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buccal

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Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek.

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chemokines

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Any of a group of low molecular weight cytokines, such as interleukin-8, identified on the basis of their ability to induce chemotaxis or chemokinesis in leukocytes (or in particular populations of leukocytes); in inflammation, the group is now divided into four subgroups on the basis of genetic, structural, and functional criteria. They function as regulators of the immune system and may also play roles in the circulatory and central nervous systems.

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chief cells

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Epithelial cells, either columnar or cuboidal, that line the lower portions of the gastric glands and secrete pepsin.

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clathrin

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An 180,000-dalton protein that coats the cytoplasmic face of coated pits involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein, insulin, and other ligands.

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cobalamin

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1. In chemical nomenclature, a compound comprising the substituted corrin ring and 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole–containing nucleotide that are characteristic of vitamin B12, but lacking a ligand at the 6 position of the cobalt. 2. A term used generically to denote any substituted derivative of this compound, including cyanocobalamin, particularly one with vitamin B12 activity.

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colony stimulating factors

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General name for the numerous signal molecules that control the differentiation of blood cells.

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crypt of Lieberkuhn

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Intestinal glands: simple tubular glands in the mucous membrane of the small intestine (glandulae intestinales intestini tenuis) opening between the bases of the villi and containing argentaffin cells.

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cyanocobalamin

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1. A cobalamin derivative in which the substituent is a cyanide ion; it is the form of vitamin B12 first isolated and hence is the form chemically defined as and the form used as a synonym of that vitamin, although it is actually an artifact of isolation. 2. A preparation of cyanocobalamin used to treat disorders caused by deficiencies of vitamin B12, particularly to prevent and treat pernicious anemia and other megaloblastic anemias and associated neuropathy; administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly or, occasionally, orally. Abbreviated CN-Cbl. Called also vitamin B12.

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cyclic neutropenia

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Chronic type of neutropenia that abates and recurs, accompanied by malaise, fever, stomatitis, and various types of infections. Called also periodic neutropenia.

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cytokines

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Extracellular signal protein or peptide that acts as a local mediator in cell-cell communication.

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deoxythymidine

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A pyrimidine nucleoside, thymine linked by its N1 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of deoxyribose. Symbol dT. Often called thymidine.

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deoxythymidine diphosphate

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A nucleotide, the 5′-pyrophosphate of deoxythymidine.

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deoxyuridine

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A pyrimidine nucleoside, uracil linked by its N1 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of deoxyribose. Symbol dU.

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deoxyuridine monophosphate

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A nucleotide, the 5′-phosphate of deoxyuridine; it is an intermediate in the synthesis of deoxythymidine triphosphate.

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dyspnea

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Breathlessness or shortness of breath; difficult or labored respiration.

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erythroid

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Pertaining to any of the cells in the developmental series ending in erythrocytes.

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formiminoglutamic acid

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An intermediate in the catabolic pathway from histidine to glutamate. It may be excreted in the urine in liver disease, in vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency.

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hematopoiesis (also hemopoiesis)

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The formation and development of blood cells. In the embryo and fetus it takes place in a variety of sites including the liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow; from birth throughout the rest of life it is mainly in the bone marrow with a small amount occurring in lymph nodes.

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hemoglobinopathy

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1. Any inherited disorder caused by abnormalities of hemoglobin, resulting in conditions such as sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, or thalassemia. 2. Sometimes more specifically, a hemoglobin disorder involving a variation or variations of a globin chain such as changes or substitutions in the amino acid sequences, or moving of a chain from its usual place in the molecule.

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hemosiderin

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An intracellular storage form of iron, found in the form of pigmented yellow to brown granules consisting of a complex of ferric hydroxides, polysaccharides, and proteins with an iron content of about 33 per cent by weight. Hematopoietic Agents Pharm 522 Feb. 27 and Mar. 2 and 4, 2015 6 of 59

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hepatic parenchymal cells

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The polyhedral epithelial cells that constitute the substance of an acinus of the liver; called also liver cells

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hydroxocobalamin

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Cobalamin derivative in which the substituent is a hydroxyl group; it is the naturally occurring form of vitamin B12 and is sometimes used as a source of that vitamin. Abbreviated OH-Cbl.

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hypochromic microcyte

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A small erythrocyte with less than the usual coloring, as seen in iron deficiency anemia.

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hypochromic microcytic anemia

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Any anemia with microcytes that are hypochromic (reduced in size and in hemoglobin content); the most common type is iron deficiency anemia.

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idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is a bleeding disorder in which the immune system destroys platelets, which are necessary for normal blood clotting. Persons with the disease have too few platelets in the blood. ITP is sometimes called immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

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interferons

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Any of a group of heat-stable soluble basic antiviral glycoproteins of low molecular weight that are produced usually by cells exposed to the action of a virus, sometimes to the action of another intracellular parasite (as a bacterium), or experimentally to the action of some chemicals, and that include some used medically as antiviral or antineoplastic agents.

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interleukins

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Any of various compounds of low molecular weight that are produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and monocytes and that function especially in regulation of the immune system and especially cell-mediated immunity.

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iron deficiency anemia

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A type of hypochromic microcytic anemia caused by low or absent iron stores and serum iron concentration; there is elevated free erythrocyte porphyrin, low transferrin saturation, elevated transferrin, low serum ferritin, and low hemoglobin concentration.

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lymphoid

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1. Of, relating to, or being tissue (as the lymph nodes or thymus) containing lymphocytes 2. Of, relating to, or resembling lymph.

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macrocytic anemia

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Any of various anemias of diverse etiologies that are characterized by macrocytes (larger than normal red cells) lacking the usual central area of pallor; there is also increased mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin.

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megaloblastic anemia

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Any anemia characterized by megaloblasts in the bone marrow, such as pernicious anemia.

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microcytic anemia

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Any anemia characterized by microcytes (erythrocytes smaller than normal), such as iron deficiency anemia or β-thalassemia.

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microcyte

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An abnormally small erythrocyte, i.e., one 5 μm or less in diameter.

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myelin

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The substance of the cell membrane of Schwann cells that coils to form the myelin sheath; it has a high proportion of lipid to protein and serves as an electrical insulator.

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myelodysplastic syndrome

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Any of a group of related bone marrow disorders of varying duration preceding the development of overt acute myelogenous leukemia; they are characterized by abnormal hematopoietic stem cells, anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and lymphadenopathy may not occur until the onset of leukemia, which may be explosive. Called also preleukemia.

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myeloid

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Of, relating to, or resembling bone marrow. Hematopoietic Agents Pharm 522 Feb. 27 and Mar. 2 and 4, 2015 7 of 59

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myelopoiesis

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The formation of bone marrow or the cells that arise from it.

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neutropenia

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A decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood.

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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

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A coenzyme composed of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5′-phosphate of adenosine 2′,5′-bisphosphate.

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pancytopenia

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Deficiency of all cellular elements of the blood.

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paresthesia

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A sensation of pricking, tingling, or creeping on the skin having no objective cause and usually associated with injury or irritation of a sensory nerve or nerve root.

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parietal cells

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Large spheroidal or pyramidal cells that are the source of gastric hydrochloric acid and are the site of intrinsic factor production; they are found scattered along the walls of the gastric glands, with their tapered ends pushed between the chief cells. Called also acid cells and oxyntic cells.

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pernicious anemia

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A type of megaloblastic anemia usually seen in older adults, caused by impaired intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 due to lack of availability of intrinsic factor; it is often characterized by pallor, achlorhydria, glossitis, gastric mucosal atrophy, weakness, antibodies against gastric parietal cells or intrinsic factor, and neurologic manifestations.

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phytate

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A compound occurring in the leaves of plants. Also called phytic acid.

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poietin

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Suffix used with words to indicate a stimulatory effect on growth or multiplication of cells.

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purpura

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Any of a group of conditions characterized by ecchymoses or other small hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces; causes include blood disorders, vascular abnormalities, and trauma. Any of several conditions similar to the traditional purpura group, which may be caused by decreased platelet counts, platelet abnormalities, vascular defects, or reactions to drugs.

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pyridoxine

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One of the forms of vitamin B6.

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reticuloendothelial system (RES)

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A group of cells having the ability to take up and sequester inert particles and vital dyes; it includes macrophages and macrophage precursors; specialized endothelial cells lining the sinusoids of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; and reticular cells of lymphatic tissue (macrophages) and of bone marrow (fibroblasts).

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short bowel syndrome

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Any of the malabsorption conditions resulting from massive resection of the small bowel, the degree and kind of malabsorption depending on the site and extent of the resection; it is characterized by diarrhea, steatorrhea, and malnutrition.

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sideroblast

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A normoblast that contains granules of iron in the form of ferritin in its cytoplasm and stains with Prussian blue.

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siderocyte

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An erythrocyte containing granules of ferritin in its cytoplasm.

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sideroblastic anemia

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Any of a heterogeneous group of acquired and hereditary anemias with diverse clinical manifestations; commonly characterized by large numbers of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow, ineffective erythropoiesis, variable proportions of hypochromic erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, and usually increased levels of tissue iron. The two most common kinds are hereditary sideroblastic anemia and refractory sideroblastic anemia.

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spherocyte

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A small, globular, completely hemoglobinated erythrocyte without the usual central pallor, found characteristically in hereditary spherocytosis but also observed in acquired hemolytic anemia.

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spherocytosis

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The presence of spherocytes in the blood; called also microspherocytosis. Hematopoietic Agents Pharm 522 Feb. 27 and Mar. 2 and 4, 2015 8 of 59

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sprue

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A chronic form of malabsorption syndrome occurring in both tropical and nontropical forms. Called also catarrhal dysentery.

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syncope

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A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral ischemia; called also faint.

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thalassemia

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A heterogeneous group of hereditary hemolytic anemias that have in common a decreased rate of synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains and are classified according to the chain involved; the two major categories are α- and β-thalassemia. Homozygous forms are manifested by profound anemia or death in utero, and heterozygous forms by erythrocyte anomalies ranging from mild to severe.

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thrombocytopenia

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Decrease in the number of platelets, such as in thrombocytopenic purpura.

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transcobalamin

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Any of three plasma glycoproteins, transcobalamin I, II and III, that bind and transport cobalamin (vitamin B12).